10-Prokaryotes

leased

A cell whose membrane has broken, e.g., from the pressure of liquid inside it, is said to have \___________

binary fission

\_________________ means split into 2 individuals, whereas fusion is unite.

cell wall

A rigid layer around the outside of an inner cell membrane is called a(n) \___________

each different

Do plants, fungi, bacteria, and Archaea each have a different substance that makes their cell wall or all have the same substance?

bacteria

Peptidoglycan is a major component of the cell wall of which which of the following plants, fungi, bacteria, and Archaea?

plasmids

Bacteria's DNA is in a big loop (chromosome) and sometimes also in mini loops called \________.

chemotaxis, phototaxis

Movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus is _________________, toward or away from light is _____________

Thermophile

\________________ means heat-loving, that is surviving and growing well in fairly hot conditions (NOT simply hanging out until conditions get better, but rather actually thriving there).

Hyperthermophile

\___________________ means extreme-heat loving, that is surviving and growing well in extraordinarily hot conditions.

Extremophile

\_________________ means surviving and growing well in extreme conditions, i.e., where hardly anything else does, e.g., thermophile, hyperthermophile [halophile - salt lover, radiophile - surviving high radiation levels].

denature

When a molecule's shape and activity changes because the molecule unfolds, it \_____________

Aerobic

\___________________ means relating to the presence of free oxygen {O2, not just an oxygen atom, e.g., H2O).

Anaerobic

\______________ means in the absence of free oxygen.

facultative

When whether an organism lives a particular way is optional, scientists say that living that way is \____________

Gram staining

Before DNA sequencing became so cheap, what procedure used to be widely used to determine the makeup of the cell wall of cells that were thought to be bacteria?

Virulence

\_______________ is the ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

bacteria

If you are given penicillin, your doctor, who has a strong background in microbiology, probably suspects that you have an infection caused by what kingdom or domain?

Rhizobacteria, legumes

\__________________ are soil bacteria that fix nitrogen, and rhizobia are various species of these that associate with peas, beans, and clover, i.e., with \___________

nitrogen fixation

The process of converting nitrogen gas into molecules available to living organisms is what?

legumes, bacteria that can fix nitrogen

Beans, peas, clover and related plants are\___________, and they are known for fertilizing the soil by adding plant-usable nitrogen to the soil, but really the nitrogen is added by what?

N

Planting legumes is known to increase the amount of \______ in the soil for subsequent crops. This element becomes available because of a DNA sequence for nitrogenase. Nitrogenase breaks the strong triple bond of N2 (nitrogen gas).

Loop chromosome

Given what you have learned in this course, is your best guess that the DNA sequence for nitrogenase is in a linear chromosome or a loop (circular) chromosome?

Legumes, rhizobacteria

______________include all peas, clover, and beans, including soybeans. These plants are known for fertilizing the soil, but really it is the _________ in nodules in their roots, specifically, rhizobia bacteria, which take N2 in air pockets in the soil and break the N-N bond, making N atoms available to other organisms, such as corn.

MRSA

There is an abbreviation for a type of bacteria that one-third of people have living in their noses and that generally only causes minor skin infections; however, when it overgrows and becomes a problem infection, such as in people with weak immune systems, and treatment with various common and previously effective antibiotics fails, the bacteria is called \_______________

virus

A \_______ has DNA or RNA but needs a host to replicate it (make copies of it).

bacteria

A bacteriophage or phage is a virus that can infect \_________

neither

Is a virus a prokaryote, a eukaryote or neither?

no

neither Is a virus an Archaea?

no

is a virus in archaea?

no

is a virus a protist?

no

is a virus a plant?

no

is a virus an animal?

no

is a virus a fungus?

biofilm

A \_________ is a thin coating of microbial cells that is hard for us to remove because the cells stick to each other and to the surface they are on.

diffusion, high to low concentration

_____________is net movement of atoms, ions or molecules from _______________ just as a result of the fact that atoms, ions and molecules are constantly in motion.

prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea are together called \______________

prokaryote

A single-celled microorganism that lacks a nucleus is a(n) \____________

yes

Does a prokaryote have DNA?

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

What are the 3 domains and which of the 3 have cells with true nuclei?

prokaryote

What kind of cell would be diagramed with one large loop of DNA and a bunch of little circles of DNA?

protists

Many protists are unicellular like many prokaryotes, but besides the presence of a nucleus, what about cell size would give you a good guess which of the 2 you were looking at? (just give relative size, i.e., which is bigger usually)

plasmids

Bacteria's DNA is in a big loop (chromosome) and sometimes also in mini loops called \________

plasmid, plastid

Two words that differ in one letter: A \____________ is like a mini circular chromosome in a bacteria. Whereas a \_____________ includes chloroplasts and similar structures that you would find in algae and plants.

yes

If you insert a gene from the cell of a Homo sapiens (Chordata: Hominidae) into a prokaryote, can the prokaryote express the human gene?

Archaea, Bacteria

Prokaryotes consist of what 2 domains?

protists

Which are generally bigger, prokaryotes or protists, or are they the same thing?

Bacteria

Which generally have peptidoglycan in their cell walls: plants? fungi? Bacteria? Archaea?

fungi, plantae, Bacteria, Archaea [& some protists]

Which organisms (kingdoms or domains) have cell walls?

Bacteria, Archaea

Which of these organisms are prokaryotes?

fungi, plantae, protists

which organisms are eukaryotes?

no

Do the cell walls of archaea have peptidoglycan?

antibiotic

A(n) \_________________ is a compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria.

their cell wall

Penicillin antibiotics inhibit the ability of bacteria to synthesize \_________ (a cell part)

cell wall

Prokaryotes have a(n) \_____________(cell part) that even though present in the fungi and plants, which are eukaryotes, does not contain identical molecules. Because of this difference, certain selective antibiotics can block protein synthesis of prokaryotes without harming you (or any other eukaryotic host for that matter).

bacteria

If you have a prokaryotic pathogen, is it probably a species of protist, Bacteria or Archaea?

no

Does diffusion use a cell's energy (ATP's)?

coccus

A spherical prokaryote is called a(n) \_______

bacillus

A rod-shaped prokaryote is a(n) ________

lot of overlap in shape

Why are chemical tests instead of shape used to distinguish Archaea from Bacteria?

flagella

Projections off of prokaryotes may include not only lots of short stiff "hairs" used to stick to things, but also one or more helical (spiral) structures that rotate and are used to move and are called \___________

flagellum

\________________ is a helically (spirally) rotating structure on some cells that is used for movement.

chemotaxis, phototaxis, flagella

Movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus is \________________ , toward or away from light is \_____________; and in prokaryotes the movement would be with 1 or more of what structure?

flagella

In bacteria, the \__________ (cell structure) is now used for locomotion

knockout

It seems to have evolved from existing proteins that functioned as a secretory system. When a scientist purposely removes or mutates a gene involved in production of the flagellum so that it does not work, that is a \__________________

yes

When this is done, can the bacteria still survive and reproduce?

bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria are called \____________

cocci

Spherical bacteria are called \____________

flagellum

A helical (spiral) projection off of a prokaryote cell, which rotates and propels is called a(n) \____________

Conjugation

\_______________ is when 2 bacteria cells make direct contact and then one releases DNA into the other. The structure that connects them in this process is a molecular "penis" [sex pilus].

yes

Can other genes besides the "gene(s) to make a molecular "penis" [sex pilus] get transferred during conjugation?

the chromosome, or plasmid(s)

Where could the gene to make the molecular "penis" [sex pilus], or any gene, be located in a prokaryote?

conjugation, no

________________ is direct transfer of genetic material from one live bacterial cell to another. \n When, through its cell membrane, a prokaryotetakes up DNA loose in its environment (e.g., DNA that came from a nearby cell having lysed (broken open), is this conjugation? yes/no

no

When a prokaryote acquires DNA it did not have before but that was left behind after infection by a virus [a bacteriophage], is this conjugation

conjugation

Married prisoners are allowed conjugal visits. What similar thing do bacteria sometimes do?

1 way transfer, not a swap

When a molecular "penis" [sex pilus] is produced, does DNA go only from the prokaryotic cell that made the it to the other prokaryotic cell or does DNA go from each cell to the other (a swap)? Hint: I have started calling it a penis to help you remember the answer to this

conjugation

When a hair-like tubular structure on a prokaryote cell forms and connects the cell to another bacterium, 1 strand of DNA then moves from the one that made the tubular structure to the other bacterium in a process called \_________

binary fission

A type of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryote replicates its DNA and then divides in half, producing two daughter cells of about equal size is called what?

identical

Are the daughter cells identical or different from the parent cell?

yes, prokaryotes are very small

Aside from your body being chock full of prokaryotes in the sense that your cells have mitochondria, do you have many other prokaryotes in you?

Why would the answer be different if the measure was volume instead of number?

roughly the same

Aside from your mitochondria, which evolved from bacteria, are there more or less cells of bacteria in and on you relative to your own cells?

depends

Are bacteria good or bad for you?

pathogen

A(n) \_______________ is a disease-causing agent such as a bacterium, protist, fungus [virus, prion]

living things, bacteria

"Antibiotic" is misleading if you pay attention to word roots. If the term was defined strictly by word roots, antibiotics would be effective against what?

BUT antibiotic is instead defined as being against only what?

thermophiles, hyperthermophiles

Prokaryotes found thriving in hot springs and hydrothermal vents are \___________ or if in the extremely hottest part \_______________

obligate anaerobes

Bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen are called \____________

obligate anaerobes

Microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct [methanogens] live in anoxic conditions, and they cannot survive in the presence of oxygen, so they are called \_____________

denature

Proteins that get too hot may change shape, which affects function; i.e., the protein may \_____________

become too liquid

When lipids, such as those in cell membranes, get too hot, what happens?

they solidify

When lipids, such as those in cell membranes, get too cold, what happens?

swell from water moving into the cell, which cause the membrane to lyse

A prokaryote species that evolved in saline conditions: what happens to its cells if they are put in freshwater?

shrivel from losing too much water to the saline

A prokaryote species that evolved in freshwater conditions: what happens to its cells if they are put in saline?

cyanobacteria

The only photosynthetic prokaryotes that produce oxygen are called \_________

yes

Can any organisms live without oxygen gas (O2)?

light, chemical bonds

The energy source of prokaryotes and other organisms is either \____________ or \_____________.

CO2, other organisms

The carbon source of prokaryotes and other organisms is either \____________ or \_____________.

prokaryotes

If you put plants, animals, fungi and prokaryotes into the boxes of your table, which would be in the most boxes?

prokaryotes , troph

As a group, do prokaryotes or eukaryotes exhibit more diversity in their metabolism? _______________

The root for feeding when describing metabolism is _________.

photoautotrophic

A prokaryote that gets energy similar to how a plant does is a(n)\_____________

photoheterotrophic

A(n) ________________ is a prokaryote that is photosynthetic but also needs organic compounds, e.g., from other organisms.

light, chemical

What are 2 basic sources of energy that prokaryotes use for energy?