Psychology of Women Exam 2 Study Guide

according to a meta-analysis on studies of gender differences in temperament, all of the below are true

- girls display more perceptual sensitivity

- girls score higher on inhibitory control

-effect sizes of gender difference in temperament are tiny or small

(not true: girls display better overall affect and mood)

In one study, mothers of 11-month-old babies were asked to estimate how steep a slope their infant could successfully crawl down. The results indicated that

mothers of boys estimated success at steeper slopes than did mothers of girls

the term _________ is used for ways in which parents create a gendered world for their child through the toys they purchase, the activities they choose, and so on.

channeling

increased pressures for gender conformity at the beginning of adolescence are termed

gender intensification

the term "motherhood mandate" refers to the

demand from society that women be mothers

the empty nest syndrome refers to

depression in middle-aged women whose children are grown and have left home

the "double standard of aging" refers to

cultural norms by which men's status increases with age but women's decreases

Among 80-89-year-olds, there are ______ women for every 100 men.

180

research on gender and physical health indicates that all of the below are true

-women have more chronic illnesses (such as arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension) than men

-women live longer than men

-childbirth after 40 poses health risks to both mother and baby

(not true: men die earlier than women because they have more chronic illnesses than women)

The Mother Wars refers to

the media's pitting of working moms against stay-at-home moms

studies on gender differences in abilities and achievements indicate that

males have better spatial ability, especially on tests of mental rotation

according to meta-analyses of research on gender differences in mathematics performances in grades 2 to 11,

there is no gender difference

Eccles has proposed a(n) ____________ model of achievement and course choice to explain why females stop taking math and science courses in high school and college.

expectation - value

J. Eccles' analysis is based on the belief that gender differences in math performances and competence are not so much caused by gender differences in _____ as by gender differences in ________

ability; course choice

The magnitude of the gender difference on the SAT Math is d = ____.

.34

using the formula d = (mM -fM) / S, a negative d indicates that

female scores are higher

which of the below statement involving attributions is NOT true?

Not true: research suggests that males are more likely to attribute their own success to external causes

True:

-females show marked decline in the self-serving attributional bias in early adolescence

-the self-serving attributional bias involves the tendency to attribute positive events to internal causes and negative events to external causes

-there is a tendency for people to attribute male success to ability and female success to "luck"

female underprediction effect

phenomenon that females' SAT scores predict lower grades in college than they actually get

in the terms of school achievement measured by grades,

girls get better grades than boys in all subjects

research on gender differences in tested abilities indicates that there are

no gender differences in IQ

in a classic study, female college students rated essays that they were told were by either John T. McKay or Joan T. McKay. This study measured

sex discrimination in the evaluation of women's work

a meta-analysis of studies of sex discrimination in the evaluation of work found

sex discrimination is the worst when only a little information is given, and decreases when more information is available

Eagly and Carli have suggested that a ________ is a better metaphor than the glass ceiling

labyrinth

according to the ________ hypothesis, women's psychological well-being will be improved by holding both work roles and family roles

expansionist

according to the _________ hypothesis, women will suffer stress and damage to their psychological well-being owing to the multiple responsibilities of both work and family roles

scarcity

the title of Hochschild's 1989 book was The Second Shift. by this she meant

most U.S. women work a full shift on the job and then a second shift at home

according to Eagly's meta-analysis of studies on gender differences in the effectiveness of leaders,

there are no gender differences in effectiveness

according to the meta-analysis of studies in which women and men occupying leadership positions were evaluated,

if women use an autocratic leadership style, they received lower evaluations

in research on entitlement conducted by Brenda Major, undergraduates performed a gender-neutral task and then paid themselves. The results indicated that

women paid themselves an average of $1.95, whereas men paid themselves an average of $3.18.

which factor(s) seem to be most important in explaining the gender gap in wages?

-women's family roles

-implicit stereotypes linking "male" and "rich"

-the gender segregation of jobs

(all can be true)

a trait controlled by a gene on the X chromosome is

a sex-linked trait

Epigenetics refers to:

changes in gene expression caused by factors other than DNA

estrogen is manufactured

by the ovaries

____________________ is the term for a rare genetic condition that causes the fetus adrenal glands to produce abnormally large amounts of androgens, resulting in genetic females born with masculinized genitals

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

(CAH)

research shows that ______ is the hormone related to libido in women

testosterone

Research on male-female differences in brain size ______________________________.

began over a century ago, but still fails to demonstrate a reliable relationship between brain size and intelligence in humans

research on the corpus callosum (CC) in humans indicated that

men have slightly larger CC overall, d = 0.21

brain lateralization theories have been proposed

to account for gender differences in spatial and verbal abilities

_________ is the term for the phenomenon that the brain changes in response to experience

neural plasticity

Maria, a genetic female, received a(n) ____ chromosome from her mother and a (n) ____ chromosome from her father.

X; X

______________ refers to an accumulation of blood in the blood vessels of a region of the body, especially the genitals; swelling or erection results

vasocongestion

the glans of the clitoris is

located externally, in front of the vaginal opening, and is an important organ for female sexual arousal

according to Masters and Johnson, the four phases of sexual response occur in the following order;

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

in the sexual response cycle, vaginal lubrication in the female corresponds most closely to ________ in the male

erection

female orgasm

physiologically, is the contractions of the orgasmic platform

which of the below in NOT part of the Dual Control Model of sexual response?

not: orgasm

is part of model:

excitation, inhibition

the anatomical structure that produces ejaculation in some women is the

G spot

according to the meta-analysis, two of the largest gender differences in sexuality are in

incidence of masturbation and attitudes about casual sex

all of the following were demonstrated by the results of the bogus pipeline study

-in the exposure threat condition men reported more sexual partners than did women

-in the bogus pipeline condition women reported as many or more sexual partners as men

-in the anonymous condition women reported fewer sexual partners than did men

regarding orgasm consistency, research shows that

75% of men, but only 29% of women, always have an orgasm during sex with their partner

"sexual orientation" is defined as

a person's erotic and emotional orientation toward members of their own gender or members of the other gender

_______ refers to a strong, irrational fear of homosexuals

homophobia

according to well-sampled surveys, the percentage of Americans who believe that sexual relations between adults of the same sex is always wrong

decreased from 74% in the 1970s to 46% in 2012

according to the meta-analysis of research on LGB victimization, ____________ have experienced a physical assault on account of their sexual orientation

28%

according to the 2000 census, there were ___________ same-gender-partner households in the U.S.

600,000

Diamond's research on sexual fluidity

challenges the notion of a fixed sexual orientation

many lesbians have a dual identity, that is,

they identify with both the sexual-minority world and majority heterosexual world

research on children reared by lesbian mothers compared with children reared by heterosexual couples generally indicates that

there are no differences in adjustment or sexual orientation between the two groups

according to a study of possible genetic influences on sexual orientation

the concordance rate for lesbianism was 24-48% percent for identical twins

in comparing gay men and lesbians, it appears that

lesbians have smaller number of different partners compared to gay men

A trait controlled by a gene on the X chromosome is _________________.

A sex-linked trait

Epigenetics refers to _________________.

Changes in gene expression caused by factors other than DNA.

Estrogen is manufactured by ________________.

The ovaries

_________ is the term for a rare genetic condition that causes the fetus adrenal glands to produce abnormally larger amounts of adrenal in genetic females born with masculinized genitals.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Research shows that ___________ is the hormone related to the libido in women.

Testosterone

Research on male-female brain size differences _____________________.

Began over a century ago, but still fails to demonstrate reliable relationship between brain size and intelligence in humans.

Research on the Corpus Callosum in humans indicates that __________.

Men have a slightly larger CC overall, d=.21

Brain lateralization theories have been proposed ________________.

To account for gender differences in spatial and verbal abilities.

________________ is the term for the phenomenon that the brain changes in response to experience.

Neural plasticity

Maria, a genetic female, received a ____ chromosome from her mother and a ____ chromosome from her father.

X;X

________ refers to an accumulation of blood in the blood vessels of a region of the body, especially the genitals; swelling or erect results.

Vasocongestion

The glans of the clitoris is _______________.

located externally, in front of the vaginal opening, and is an important organ for female sexual arousal.

According to Masters and Johnson, the four phases of sexual response occur in what order?

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.

In the sexual response cycle, vaginal lubrication in the female corresponds most closely to _______________ in the male.

Erection

Female orgasm _____________________.

Physiologically, is the contractions of the orgasmic platform.

What are the two parts of the Dual Control model of sexual response?

Excitation and inhibition

The anatomical structure that produces ejaculation in some women is the ______________.

G-spot

According to a meta-analysis, two of the largest gender differences in sexuality are in __________________.

Incidence of masturbation and attitudes about casual sex.

Regarding orgasm consistency, research shows that _________________.

75% of men, but only 29% of women, always have an orgasm during sex with their partner.

"Sexual orientation" is defined as ______________.

a persons erotic and emotional orientation toward members of their own gender or members of the other gender.

____________ refers to a strong, irrational fear of homosexuals.

Homophobia

According to well-sampled surveys, the percentage of Americans who believe that sexual relations between adults of the same sex is always wrong ________________.

Decreased from 74% in the 1970s to 46% in 2012.

According to a meta-analysis of research on LGB victimization, ___________ have experienced a physical assault on account of their sexual orientation.

28%

According to the 2000 U.S. census, there were __________ same-gender partner households in the U.S.

600,000

Diamond's research on sexual fluidity _____________.

Challenges the notion of a fixed sexual orientation.

Many lesbians have a dual identity, that is, ______________.

they identify with both the sexual minority world and the majority heterosexual world.

Research on children reared by lesbian mothers compared to children reared by heterosexual couples, generally indicates that ________________.

There are no differences in adjustment or sexual orientation between the two groups.

According to a study of possible genetic influences on sexual orientation _________________.

The concordance for lesbianism was 24-48 percent for identical twins.

In comparing gay men and lesbians, it appears that _______________.

Lesbians have smaller number of different partners compared with gay men.

In one study, mothers of 11-month-old babies were asked to estimate how steep a slope their infant could successfully crawl down. The results indicated that _____________________.

Mothers of boys estimated success at steeper slopes than mothers of girls.

The term ____________ is used for ways in which parents create a gendered world for their children through the toys they purchase, the activities they choose, and so on.

Channeling

Increased pressures for gender conformity at the beginning of adolescence is termed ______________.

Gender intensification

The term "mother mandate" refers to the ______________.

Demand from society for women to be mothers

The "empty nest syndrome" refers to _____________.

Depression in middle-aged women whose children are grown and have left home.

The "double standard of aging" refers to ________________.

Cultural norms by which mens' status increases with age but womens' decreases.

Among 80-89-year-olds, there are ______ women for every 100 men.

180

The Mother Wars refers to ____________________.

The media pitting working moms against stay at home moms.

Studies on gender differences in abilities and achievements indicate that ______________________.

Males have better spatial ability, especially on tests of mental rotation.

According to meta-analysis of research on gender differences in mathematics performance from grades 2 through 11. ____________________.

There is no gender difference.

Eccles has proposed a(n) ____________ model of achievement and course choice to explain why females stop taking math and science courses in high school and college.

expectation - value