Clinical Chemistry

chemical measurements should be completed within ____ after blood collection

1 hour

a blood sample from an animal hat has not eaten for 12 hours is a _____ sample

pre-prandial

a chemical analyzer that uses a prism to select a specific wavelength of light is a _____ and an analyzer that uses a filter to select the wavelength is a ______

Spectrophotometer; Photometer

increases in _____ bilirubin indicate problems with uptake (hepatic damage)

unconjugated

increases in ____ bilirubin indicate bile duct obstruction

conjugated

cholesterol assay is sometimes used as a screening test for _____

hypothyroidism

the common enzyme tests of liver function performed in small animal vet practice are ___and ____

ALT and AST

uric acid is the major end product of nitrogen metabolism in ___ species and is also seen in ____ dogs

Avian; Dalmatian

The ____ test evaluates glomerular function using test substances eliminated by both glomerular filtration and renal secretion

Effective Renal Plasma Flow

a type of test that describes the excretion of specific electrolytes relative to the GFR is ____

fractional excretion

tests of the endocrine functions of the pancreas include ____ , _____, and _____

glucose, fructosamine, and glycosylated hemoglobin

the kidneys play a major role in regulating the concentration of ____ by actively secreting or resorbing it from the filtrate in response to the blood PH

bicarbonate

list at least 3 causes of hemolysis in samples

drawing sample up in a moist syringe, shaking/mixing tube vigourously, and forcing a needle through a tube to transfer sample

Define cholestasis

The reduction or stopping of the flow of bile

What are the two most commonly evaluated acute-phase proteins in small animals?

Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Chemical analysis requires ______ or ______.

serum or plasma

How long should we take to analyze a sample?

within 1 hour of colletion

When do you want to collect a sample for a chemical analysis?

collect before treatment or collect after fasting

What do we want to label on our samples?

date/time of collection, owner’s name, patient’s name, and clinic identification number

define plasma

fluid portion of whole blood

If samples containing plasma cannot be centrifuged within one hour it must be _____.

refrigerated

define serum

plasma without fibrinogen

During the clotting process with serum, what is te soluble fibrinogen converted into?

insoluble fibrin clot matrix

If we centrifuged serum higher than 2,000 - 3,000 rpm what can happen to the results?

hemolysis

When a sample is icteric, it can be of what two causes?

liver disease or hemolysis

Immediately after a meal blood glucose levels ________.

increase

Immediately after a meal inorganic phosphorus levels ________.

decrease

Immediately after a meal lipemia turns _____.

turbid or cloudy serum

What is a spectrophotometers?

measures the amount of light transmitted through a solution

What are the basic components of a spectrophotometer?

Light source, prism, a wavelength selector, photodetector, & a read-out device

What are the two types of photometry we use in vet med?

spectrophotometers and reflectometer

What does a reflectometer

detects light reflected off a test substance

What is beer’s law?

direct linear relationship that exists between the concentration of an analyte & the light absorption when monochromatic light is passed through the sample

The ______ concentrated a sample, the ____ _____ that is able to pass through the sample

more; less light

T/F Kinetic Assays reach a stable end point

false

How is enzyme activity inhibited?

by low temperatures & accelerated by high temperatures

What can interfere with the results of enzyme activity

Ultraviolet light & the presence of salts of heavy metals (copper or mercury)

What can enzymes be denatured by?

can be denatured by temperature, pH, or organic solvents.

What are enzymes?

units of activity

What are the types of enzyme concentrations?

mU/mL, U/L, and U/mL

What are isoenzymes?

a group of enzymes with similar catalytic activities but different physical properties

How are enzymes named?

named for the substrate on which they act or the biochemical reaction in which they participate

What are ion-selective electrode?

Designed with specific electrodes that are configured to allow interaction with only one ion

What are the types of dedicated-use analyzers?

Glucose, Lactose, PT/PTT, and Blood Gas