Chapter 7 The Cardiovascular System

Which side of the heart is more muscular and why?

left because it pumps blood to the body

What is the function of the right side of the heart?

pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circulation

What is the function of the left side of the heart?

pump oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation

SA Node

impulse initiation generating 60-100 signals/minute without neurological input

SA Node Location

right atrium

Right Atrium

receives deoxygenated blood from systemic system

Tricuspid Valve Location

between right atrium and ventricle

Right Ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries to lungs

Left Atrium

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein

Bicuspid/Mitral Valve Location

between left atrium and ventricle

Left Ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood through aorta to systemic system

Atrial Systole (contraction)

depolarization caused by SA node, ventricles fill, atrial pressure increases

Atrial Kick

increase in atrial volume

AV Node

signal contracts ventricles after the ventricles fill

Bundle of His

AV node signal travels down branches in interventricular septum to the Purkinje fibers

Purkinje Fibers

distribute electrical signal through ventricular muscle

Intercalated Disks

connect muscle cells

Systole

ventricular contraction and closure of AV valve causing blood to be pumped out of ventricles

Diastole

heart is relaxed, semilunar valves closed, blood fills into ventricles

Cardiac Output

total blood volume pumped by ventricle in a minute

Cardiac Output Equation

CO = HR x SV

Major Vessels

lined with endothelial cells to maintain vessel by releasing chemicals that aid vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Arteries

oxygenated blood travels away from heart

Arteries of the Heart

coronary artery, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, renal arteries

Arteries Characteristics

elastic, muscular, maintain high pressure

Veins

transport deoxygenated blood to heart and lungs

Veins characteristics

thin-walled, inelastic, works against gravity

Venules

smaller venous structures connecting capillaries to larger veins of body

What occurs if you sit too long?

blood clots can form in veins

Deep Vein Thrombosis

clot in deep veins of leg

Varicose Veins

form when valves fail to close

Capillaries

vessels with single endothelial cell layer

What occurs in the capillaries?

diffusion of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients, waste

Bruise

formed when capillary is damaged and blood leaks into interstitial space

Superior Vena Cava Function

returns blood from above heart

Inferior Vena Cava

returns blood from below heart

Hepatic Portal System

blood leaves capillary beds in walls of gut and passes through portal before reaching capillary beds in liver

Hypophyseal Portal System

blood leaves capillary beds in hypothalamus, travel through capillary bed in anterior pituitary to allow pancreas to release hormones

Renal Portal System

blood leaving glomerulus travels through efferent arteriole before surrounding nephron in capillary network called vasa recta

Blood Composition

55% liquid, 45% cells

Blood Plasma

liquid portion of blood composed of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, blood proteins

Hematopoietic Stem Cells Function

form all blood cells in bone marrow

Erythrocytes (Type of Blood Cell and Function)

RBC for oxygen transport

What do RBC lose once they mature?

mitochondria, nuclei, membrane-bound organelles

Why do RBC lose organelles when they mature?

to make room for hemoglobin

Leukocytes (Type of Blood Cell and Function)

WBC that aid against pathogens, foreign cells, cancer

Granulocytes Function

involved in inflammatory reactions, allergies, pus formation, destruction of bacteria and parasites

Granulocyte Types

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes

do not contain granules released by exocytosis

Agranulocytes Types

lymphocytes and monocytes

Lymphocytes

important to fight against particular pathogens (viruses, bacteria)

Lymphocytes Types

B-cell and T-cell

B-Cells

made in bone marrow and are responsible for antibody regeneration

T-Cells

made in thymus and are responsible for killing virally infected cells and activating other immune cells

Monocytes

phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria

Monocyte Types

macrophages

Macrophages

monocytes after leaving bloodstream and entering organ

Types of Macrophages

microglia, langerhans, osteroclasts

Thrombocytes/Platelets

cell fragments/shards released from cells in bone marrow

Megakaryocytes

assist in blood clotting

Hematopoiesis

production of blood cells and platelets

What triggers hematopoiesis?

hormones, growth factors, cytokines

Erythropoietin

secreted by kidney and stimulates mainly RBC development

Thrombopoeitin

secreted by liver and kidney and stimulates mainly platelet development

Blood Antigens

RBC surface proteins

ABO Antigens

A, B, AB, O

What is the universal donor?

O

What is the universal recipient?

AB

Who can Type A donate to?

A, AB

Who can Type B donate to?

B, AB

Who can Type AB donate to?

AB

Who can Type O donate to?

A, B, AB, O

Rh Factor

surface protein exposed on RBC

Rh+ Meaning

presence on D allele

Rh- Meaning

absence on D allele

What happens if a mother is Rh- and her fetus is Rh+?

she will begin making antibodies while pregnant attack fetus blood cells

Blood Pressure

must be kept sufficiently high to propel blood forward

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Sphygmomanomater

measure gauge pressure in systemic circulation

What is released when blood osmolarity is high?

ADH

What primarily carries oxygen?

hemoglobin

Oxygen Saturation

percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen

Cooperative Binding

as more oxygen leaves hemoglobin, becomes easier for it to be removed

Carbon Dioxide

primary waste product of cellular respiration

Carbonic Anhydrase

catalyzes combination reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

Respiratory Alkalosis

increased pH due to hyperventilation

Renal Tubular Acidosis Type I

kidney unable to excrete acid efficiently, increasing RR

Where are carbohydrates and AA absorbed?

capillaries of SI to enter systemic circulation vis hepatic portal system

Where are fats absorbed?

lacteals in SI, bypassing hepatic portal circulation to enter systemic via thoracic duct

What substances travel down the gradient from tissues to capillaries to be excreted as waste?

carbon dioxide, ammonia, urea

What substances enter circulation near the organ they are produced?

hormones

Hydrostatic Pressure

force per unit area that blood exerts against vessel walls

Where is fluid pushed with hydrostatic pressure?

pushed out of the bloodstream to insterstitium

Osmostic Pressure

“sucking” pressure generated by solutes

Where is fluid pushed with osmotic pressure?

drawn into bloodstream

At the arteriole end of the capillary bed, which pressure is higher?

hydrostatic

At the venule end of the capillary bed, which pressure is higher?

osmotic

Startling Forces

balance of opposing pressures essential for maintaining proper fluid volumes and solute concentrations inside and outside vasculature

Edema

accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitium

Clots

composed of both coagulation factors (proteins) and platelets