psy 256 uncw final

learning vs. memory

learning is a slower process

learning

acquisition of information, actively work to retain info, experience-based changes modify the brain

memory

retention and retrieval of info, quick memory recall

forms of learning

perceptual, motor, stimulus, relational

perceptual learning

ability to recognize and categorize info

motor learning

implicit learning (how to)

stimulus response learning

(classical conditioning & instrumental/operant conditioning) presented w/ given stimulus and learn to illicit a given response (immediate reaction)

classical conditioning

habitual response to something

instrumental/operant conditioning

behavior controls the outcome; whether you form a response or not

relational

association b/t people, objects, locations, etc.

fear conditioning

type of classical learning, neutral stimulus that doesn't illicit a response

amygdala function

info gets sent here

lateral nucleus

of amygdala connects stimulus and shock

central nucleus

of amygdala -> conditional emotional response; behavioral reaction (i.e freezing)

memory stages

can have failure at any of these stages: acquisition, consolidation, storage, retrieval

acquisition

exposure, saliency, attention, context, etc.

consolidation

short -> long term memory

memory capacity and retention

STM, LTM

short term memory

(capacity, duration) everything you need at the moment

stm capacity

4 pieces of info at given time

stm duration

30 seconds if not actively using info

long term memory

store everything we've learned/experienced

ltm capacity

unlimited

ltm duration

long; potentially entire life

declarative/explicit memory

semantic declarative memory, episodic declarative memory

semantic declarative memory

factual info, knowledge

episodic declarative memory

personal experience, stored somewhere in cortex

procedural memory (implicit)

knowing how to do something, tend to be hard to explain - stored in basal ganglia, motor cortex, cerebellum - also helps with retaining

consolidation hippocampus

(responsible for consolidation) all sensory info, emotional response get funneled in here, and creates connections across different cortical regions

consolidation entorhinal cortex

this gets input of info, which passes into dentate and gyrus, then passes to neurons int CA3 field -> CA1 field (output) -> cortex

temporary LTM storage

hippocampus has limited long term memory storage; doesn't hold onto them forever; responsible for contextual info (environmental)

spatial learning

morris water maze, rational info

morris water maze

rational info

rational info

based on environmental cues; need hippocampus for this

declarative memory formation

hippocampus, amygdala

declarative memory formation hippocampus

formation and consolidation of declarative memories

declarative memory formation amygdala

adds in the emotional response of declarative memory

place cells

hippocampal pyramidal cells, spatial receptive field, cognitive map

hippocampal pyramidal cells

found in place cells

spatial receptive field

recording action potentials

amnesia

retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia

retrograde amnesia

cannot remember things/events prior to brain damage

anterograde amnesia

cannot form new memories; remembers things prior to injury of hippocampus

reconsolidation

once we've activated a memory and want to put it back into long term memory, how we update longterm memory, when we put memory back brain starts making new proteins

neuroplasticity

allow for change in the brain, reorganization/modification of brain that are life long, ability never goes away

cortical reorganization

motor learning, diffuse activation

synaptic plasticity

pre or post synaptic changes

presynaptic changes

NT release, more NT, bigger response

postsynaptic changes

receptors, amount of NT receptors in dentrite

neurogenesis

adult neural stem cells (NSC), progenitor cells, asymmetrical and symmetrical division, differentiated cells, hippocampus

adult neural stem cells

different then embryonic stem cells, adult cells limited to what kind they can make

progenitor cells

adult NSC in brain can only make: neurons, astrocytes, oligalendrocyte

differentiated cells

where they decide which of the 3 will be guided by chemical environment: neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

hippocampus neurogenesis

proliferation, cell survival, cell differentiation, integration, olfactory bulb

proliferation

where progenitor cells divide and turn into new cell types

cell survival

majority die off within 1-2 days

integration

competing for synaptic connections with existing neural networks

olfactory bulb

olfactory receptors, made in subvetricular zone of lateral ventricle

donald hebb

hebb rule

hebb rule

"cells that fire together, wire together", strong synapses get stronger, weak synapses go away

long term potential

tetanus, EPSP, mechanisms of LTP

tetanus

(high frequency) stimulus, induce synaptic changes; strengthen synapse

mechanism of LTP

AMPA, NMDA, calcium, CaM-KII

AMPA

ligand gated (Na+) depolarization

NMDA

ligand and voltage gated, Mg+ blocks depolarization, Ca+ comes thru, harder to activate NMDA

CaM-KII

Ca+ activates this, and cause more AMPA receptors to be in the memory for the next lower stimulus presentation, much bigger depolarization response

endocrine system

made up of glands responsible for producing hormones

glands

have diffuse signaling (widespread signaling), goes in blood stream

hormones

protein/peptide (smaller) hormones, amine hormones, steroid hormones

protein/peptide hormones

made of amino acid chains

amine hormones

epinephrine, NE, melatonin, thyroid hormones

steroid hormones

typical hormones, all made from cholesterol

steroid hormone synthesis

cholesterol derivatives

cholesterol

common precursor

enzyme

what they turn into depends on what enzyme they come in contact with

hormones receptors

protein hormones receptors, steroid hormone receptors

protein hormone receptors

transmembrane spanning receptors, have 2nd messenger, act like metabolic receptor

steroid hormone receptors

lipophilic, so can pass through membrane and enter inside intracellular space of cell - receptor complex

receptor complex

directly activates/inhibits part of DNA

hypothalamus

master gland, because it drives and controls other endocrine glands (pituitary gland)

pituitary gland

sits at base of hypothalamus (anterior, posterior)

anterior pituitary gland

epithelial tissue, part of PNS, parvocellular neurons in hypothalamus

posterior pituitary gland

forms from brain tissue, part of CNS, only release oxytocin & vasopressin - only neural hormones, magnacellular neurons

parvocellular neurons

producing or releasing inhibitory factor travels down to anterior posterior gland

let down reflex

sensory input to hypothalamus of baby sucking, posterior pituitary, release oxytocin; activate epithelial cell to contract and lets milk flow

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

kicks on with stress - corticotropin release hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol

corticotropin release hormone

act on endocrine cells anterior pituitary gland

adrenocorticotropic hormone

goes to adrenal kidney gland/cortex, acts on it causing it to release cortisol

cortisol

stress hormone to be released throughout body

adrenal gland

both make up stress response pathways - adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

adrenal cortex

cortisol (outer)

adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

negative feedback

hormone regulate itself, have negative feedback system so hormones can terminate the production of more hormones

hippocampus

negative regulates and tries to inhibit hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

amygdala

activates hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA), drives it

chronic

in glucocorticoid shuts off cells of immune system; impairs memory

acute stress

redistribution of immune cells (white blood cells); enhances memory processes

glucocorticoids inhibit digestion

body shuts down because of stress; IBS, peptic ulcers

IBS

stress

peptic ulcers

h.pylon bacteria and stressors, in stomach or portion of throat