Stuttering 1

What are normal disfluencies?

Normal disfluencies are speech interruptions that typically occur in young children, characterized by repetitions, prolongations, and pauses that most children have between ages 2 to 6.

What is classical conditioning in the context of stuttering?

Classical conditioning involves the experience of stuttering being perceived as threatening, leading to a tension response and the spread of this response to other cues.

What constitutes a part-word repetition?

An example of part-word repetition is saying 'mi-milk'.

What are escape behaviors in operant conditioning related to stuttering?

Escape behaviors are actions taken by individuals who stutter, such as squeezing their eyes shut, to relieve emotional pain and frustration associated with their stuttering.

What age range corresponds to borderline stuttering in younger preschool children?

Borderline stuttering typically occurs in children aged 1.5 to 3.5 years.

What are the characteristics of beginning stuttering in older preschool children?

Characteristics include muscle tension, rapid and irregular repetitions, pitch rise, fixed articulatory postures, and the presence of escape behaviors.

What is one sign of advanced stuttering in older teens and adults?

One sign of advanced stuttering is longer, tense blocks, often accompanied by tremors of the lips, tongue, or jaw.

Define avoidance conditioning in relation to stuttering.

Avoidance conditioning involves behaviors that individuals employ to prevent being 'trapped' in a stutter, such as changing words or inserting extra sounds.

What feelings may characterize a school-age child experiencing intermediate stuttering?

Feelings such as fear before stuttering, embarrassment during stuttering, and shame afterward are common at this stage.

What is a cognitive effect of stuttering observed in individuals?

Stuttering can lead to the development of a negative self-concept, influenced by listener reactions and personal feelings about their speech.