Vet Tech B Kidney Test

What are four main organs in the escalatory systems

Kidney, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra

Kidney main function

Excrete Nitrogen containing waste (urine)

Ureters main function

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Bladder main function

store urine

Urethra main function

Takes urine outside the body

True or False: Urine becomes more concentrated during times of excessive hydration

False

When sodium levels increase, an animal is stimulated to .

drink

When an animal's kidneys no longer function, the animal is said to be in ____ failure.

Renal

What tubelike structure connects the kidney to the bladder?

Ureter

Do males or females have a higher incidence of urinary incontinence?

Females

What breed of dog has a history of difficulty metabolizing uric acid?

Dalmations

What tool measures specific gravity?

Refractometer

What is the name of the test that evaluates urine?

Urinalysis

What dietary component may be limited in animals with chronic renal failure?

Protein (low)

What is azotemia?

Kidney disease that causes an elevation of Urea and Creatine in the blood; causes bad breath, V&D, and tiredness

Can azotemia result from dehydration?

Yes

What is the primary function of the renal system?

Excrete nitrogen containing wastes from the body

Acute definition

is severe and sudden onset that is short term

Chronic definition

a long developing condition

Name the two systems that control pH of blood.

Respiratory and Renal System

Two symptoms of parvovirus

Vomiting and diarrhea

What organs produce urine?

Kidneys

What type of tissue lines the bladder?

Transitional epithelium

What tube carries the urine to the outside of the body ?

Urethra

What type of hormone therapy can treat urinary incontinence?

Estrogen

Are females or males more prone to urinary obstruction from small stones?

Males

What organs work to regulate the amount of sodium, chloride, and potassium?

Kidneys

What are sodium, chloride, and potassium?

electrolytes

The kidney is divided into regions.

3

When given hypertonic saline, cows are stimulated to

drink

Cloudiness of urine indicates a _

Urinary Tract Infection

Blood or portein in the urine can indicate a _ Infection

Bladder

True or False: Only one type of bladder stone exists

False

Are kidney transplants performed in companion animals?

Yes

What term describes the clinical signs of azotemia?

Uremia

Is acute of chronic renal failure more common in elderly pets?

Chronic

List three field tests used to evaluate hydration?

Skin Turger, position of eye, and mucus membrane testing

Inexperienced cat owners often misdiagnose urinary obstruction as .

constipation

Is the bladder unusually small or large in urinary obstructed cats?

large

Feline diets aimed at controlling urinary crystals attempt to control and maintain a(n) pH.

proteins; acidic

What surgery can help with chronic urinary obstruction?

Urethrostromy

Suture means to

stitch

What Organ filters Urea and excess salts?

Kidney

How big is a kidney?

1/4 lb each or the size of a clenched fist

How many liters of fluid from the blood do kidneys filter?

180

What is the kidney made up of?

Nephrons (1 million)

What is the main component of urine that is a waste products from the digestion of protein?

Urea

What does the Urea do?

Transports and filtrates blood

What are some kidney problems?

Physical injury, Kidney Disease, Bacterial infection, and resulted from smoking, alcohol, and drugs

6 Symptoms of abnormal kidney

Lower back pain, High blood pressure, swelling of ankles, foul odor of urine, uncontrollable thirst, and discoloration of urine

What is Hemodialysis?

Machine taking blood from patients arm and passes it over a filtering membrane; urea diffuses through membrane and out of blood; 3 times and week for 4 hours each

What is Peritoneal Dialysis?

uses lining of abdomen (peritoneal membrane) to filter blood, catheter in abdomen surgically placed; at homes 4 times a day for 1/2 hour each

What is Nitrogen containing waste a result of?

The breakdown of proteins and amino acids

As amino acids are metabolized what is produced?

NH3 (toxic)

What does the liver convert ammonia to?

Urea

Kidney break down into Uric Acid

Nucleotides

What can result if Uric Acid is not metabolized properly?

Bladder stones

Kidneys also produce ___

creatine

Kidneys also regulate _ balance in the body

water

The kidneys produce that control blood pressure and red blood cell production

hormones

1st step in Urine Formation

glomerular filtration

What is Glomerular Filtration?

Protein and blood cells are filtered by the glomeruli and allow electrolytes, sugars, urea, and amino acids to pass through; known as filtrate

2nd Step in Urine Formation

tubular reabsorption

What is tubular reabsorption?

filtrate leaves bowman's capsule and moves into proximal convoluted tubula; Na, K, Cl, H2O, and glucose are reabsorbed into blood

3rd Step in Urine Formation

Tubular Secretion

What is Tubular Secreation?

In distal tubules waste products are filtered; pH is regulated; sodium to potassium ratio is controlled; kidneys excrete same amount of sodium as is ingested in the diet.

Should urine contain protein?

No

Scientific name for a Kidney Stone?

Urinary Calculi

Difference between kidney and bladder stone?

Kidney stones form in kidney; bladder stones form in bladder

Are kidney or bladder stones more common in Humans?

Kidney stones

Are kidney or bladder stones more common in horses?

Bladder stones

Are kidney or bladder stones more common in dogs and cats?

Bladder stones

What are the main causes of Kidney stones in humans?

drinking too little water, too much or too little exercise, obesity, genetics, and diet

What are the main causes of Bladder Stones in Dogs and Cats?

Mineral imbalances in urine, UTI, and lack of adequate hydration

What are symptoms of Kidney Stones in humans?

Severe pain, nausea, vomititing, fever, chills, and blood in your urine

What are the symptoms of Bladder stones in dogs and cats?

Urination issues, including frequent urination, straining to urinate, blood in urine, and potentially urinating randomly

What are the symptoms of Bladder stones in horses?

straining to urinate, frequent urination with blood, and colic-like symptoms

What are some methods to prevent kidney stones for humans?

drink lots of water, avoid iced tea and black pepper, and control your diet

How do Vets control bladder and kidney stones in animals?

dietary management, medication, anf potentionaly surgery

How can pet owners prevent the reoccurrence of bladder and kidney stones in their pets?

Increase water intake, follow a diet, and check pets urine pH

What animal does a Bovine kidney belong too and what does it look like?

Cow; dark red; lobed; large

What animal does a cervidae kidney belong too and what does it look like?

deer; small; smooth

What is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron