bio engineering mrs smith 2026 test

genetic engineering

manipulation of the chromosome number or gene frequencies in a population of organisms to produce desired outcome

Selective breeding

The breeding of organisms to produce desired traits in their offspring

Done in virtually every domesticated animal

Selective breeding

Decreases genetic variation within a species and may eventually lead to speciation

selective breeding

Inbreeding

Maintains desired trait and only allows individuals with desired traits to breed

Increases incidence of recessive alleles (gene types) to be expressed

inbreeding

transgenic

gmo’s and New individuals are produced by crossing or “blending” chromosomes and genes from different species.

• 1871 developed a disease resistant potato to fight famine caused by potato blight

luthur burbank

In Vitro

in the lab

invivo

in the organism

discovered in bacteria as a way for bacteria to protect themselves against viruses

• Restriction enzymes

• used to digest (break apart) DNA into shorter pieces 

• Restriction enzymes

• they are specific for nucleotide sequences called palindromes - they read the same forward and backward

• Restriction enzymes

primers

• (start sign!) specific to the desired DNA attach to complementary sequences 

pcr

used to copy small pieces of DNA faster than any other method available

took 10 yrs

human genome project

denture with the heat and cut with restriction enzymes

genomic dna

complete the complementary strand

dna polymerase

process is deleted making billions of copies within a few hours

amplification of dna using pce

can be used to identify heterozygous carriers of mutant alleles

gel electrophoresis

linkage map

how closely related organisms r

can be used identify members of populations by an inherited differences in DNA

restriction fragment analysis

Southern blotting

Comparing segments

ddATP

green

ddCTP

blue

ddTTP

red

ddGTP

yellow

dideoxy chain-termination method ddntp

determine nucleotide order of DNA by interrupting its synthesis

genomics

Page of science focuses on interactions changes have an environment

Computer shop scan for Texas unknown features associated with jeans such as

start and stop sequences, intron splicing sites, ESTs(expressed sequence tags)

only use abt —— of our dna

25%

— is junk dna

75%

exon regions percent

1.5%

exon regions

much is multigene families in a group of machines that have the same ancestors so they have similar DNA

regulatory regions percent

24%

The more complex organism is

The greater amount of non-coated DNA

The amount of genes per MB decreases

Maybe due to the role of non coding regions in the regulation of gene expressions or larger in trend region, lead different place and more complex protein products

agrose gel acts as a

molecular seieve filtering by side shape and or charge

DNA cut by restriction enzyme

Only separates by size (base pairs (BP))

positive stains

Fairly non toxic and require staining after the gel has run( fast blast blue)

fluorescent dyes

is added to the DNA marker to each well allowing for intermediate viewing under an ultraviolet light(gel red and green)

i medical diagnostics

compare a normal allele to disease to check for similarities when running the gel

bacteria that make human gene product

Insulin and clotting factor

mice

engineered express human like immune system to study disease

plants

pharming) engineer to express animal proteins

induced stem cells

stem cell harvesting has become illegal in the production of limited cell has merged

cloning

dolly the sheep

polyploidy

makes you such drug separate separation chromosomes during meiosis and is useful in creating new plate lines