mucular system

The _____ ____ is made up of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles that contract to produce nearly all body movement. _____ ____ are used for voluntary actions controlled by the _____ ____ ___. the muscles are attached to the bones by ______ and the bone moves when the muscle _______

muscular system, skeletal muscles, somatic nervous system, tendons, shortens

contraction of _____ _____ is involuntary and therefore under autonomic control

smooth muscle

large peripheral viens in the legs and arms have valves that prevent the back flow of blood. when the skeletal muscles around these deep veins contract, the vessel is compressed, and the blood is forced through the valves in the direction of the heart, this is called ____ ____ ____

skeletal muscle pump

during inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles expands the thoracic cavity. The increased volume results in a decrease in pressure, which is transmitted to the right atrium . this drop in pressure helps blood to return to the heart. Also when the pressure In the thoracic cavity decreases, the pressure in the abdominal cavity increases, squeezing the blood in the inferior vena cava toward the heart, this is called _____ _____

thoracic pump

when thermoreceptors detect a drop in temperature, impulses are sent to the posterior hypothalamus, which then sends signals to the effectors. smooth muscles in the walls of the ______ ______ contract involuntary to reduce the blood flow near the surface if the skin.

also ______ _____ muscles also contract, causing hairs to stand on end in an attempt to trap warm air.

if the core body temperature drops, the _____ reflex is triggered by the posterior hypothalamus. contraction of ______ muscles requires the hydrolysis of atp, and this exothermic reaction releases heat.(also heat generated in friction)

cutaneous arterioles

arrestor pili muscles

shivering, skeletal

when thermoreceptors detect a rise in temp., the anterior hypothalamus tells the smooth muscles that surround cutaneous arterioles to ______. vasodilation allows more blood to flow near the surface of the skin, and _____ is lost to the environment

relax, heat

the ____ ___ ____ ___ For movement, it includes motions that go forward and backward.

sagittal plane of motion

flexion(sagittal plane of motion )

decreases the angle between tow body parts(bending the elbow)

extension(sagittal plane of motion)

increasing the angle between to body parts(extending the elbow)

dorsiflexion(sagittal plane of motion)

ankle flexion(moving the toes toward the shin)

plantar flexion(sagittal plane of motion )

ankle extension(moving the toes toward the ground/pointing

Movements in the _____ ____ _____ ____go side to side

frontal plane of motion

adduction(frontal plane of motion)

movement toward the midline/to the body(bringing the arm to the body)

abduction(frontal plane of motion)

moving away from the midline(moving the arm away from the body)

elevation(frontal plane of motion)

scapula movement, superior movement(shoulder shrug)

depression(frontal plane of motion)

scapula movement, inferior movement(shoulder shrug)

inversion(frontal plane of motion)

lifting the medial border of the foot. bring the sole of the foot to the face inward

eversion(frontal plane of motion)

lifting the lateral border of the foot. bring the sole of the foot to the face outward

Movements in the _____ _____ ____ ___are usually rotational or horizontal.

transverse plane of motion

pronation(transverse plane of motion)

rotating the hand and wrist medially from the bone. if laying on the back, the hand would have the palm to the floor

supination(transverse plane of motion)

rotating the hand and wrist laterally from the bone. if laying on the back, the palm and wrist would be facing toward the ceiling

horizontal adduction(transverse plane of motion)

the angle between to joints decreases on the horizontal plane

horizontal abduction(transverse plane of motion)

the angle between tow joints increases on the horizontal plane

rotation(transverse plane of motion)

pivoting or twisting on the axis

skeletal muscles are ______ meaning the muscle fibers have alternating regions of light and dark bands

a single skeletal muscle myocyte is a _____ shaped and has many ____

striated

cylinder, nuclei

____ _____ is found in the walls of hallow organs and vessels and aids in movement of substances such as food and blood

the cells are ____ shaped, non-_______, and are have ____ nucleus

smooth muscles

spindle, striated, uninucleate

_____ ____ tissue is found in the walls of the heart and is required for the pumping of blood. they are connected to each other by intercalated discs with _____ junctions that allows the cells to communicate

the cells are branched, ____ and mostly uninucleate(sometimes have two nucleus)

cardiac muscle, gap

striated

transverse tubules, or _____ tubules, are tunnel like invaginations of the _____, the plasma membrane of striated muscle cells. the memebrane contains a high concentration of ion channels, allowing them to play an important role in muscle contractions.

when an action potential propagates along the sarcolemma, the T-tubules help to depolarize the cell by carrying impulse to the _____ _____ that surrounds the ________ in a muscle cell. The SR is a form of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum that is specialized to store and release calcium ions.

T,sarcolemma

sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR), myofibrils

The t-tubles are sandwiched between tow enlarged chambers of the SR called______ ____. this sandwich structure make up a structure called the _____

terminal cisternae, triad

when a impulse reaches the SR, the ______channels in the SR membrane open, releasing calcium ions that ultimately cause contraction in the muscle. ATP powered calcium pumps within the SR membrane pump ____ back into the SR to relax the muscle

calcium, calcium

The ______ ______ describes a unit within muscle tissue that is specialized for contraction. the structure consists of a repeating unit called a ________

contractile apparatus, sarcomere

10s of thousands of these sarcomeres lie end to end to form a _______. one sarcomere is separated from another by a boundary called the ____ ____, where a network of proteins serves as a point of anchorage for ___(thin filaments). 6 thin filaments cover the myofibril. myosin heads pull on actin that contract sarcomeres.

myofibril

z-line

actin

slow twitch type I

fiber diameter:

capillary density:

myoglobin/concentration color:

metabolism:

concentration of mitochondria:

resistance to fatigue:

contractile velocity:

force production:

general use:

fiber diameter: smaller

myoglobin/concentration color: high/red

capillary density:high

metabolism: high aerobic capacity, low anaerobic capacity

concentration of mitochondria: high

resistance to fatigue: high

contractile velocity: slow

force production: low

general use: prolonged, low intensity aerobic activities/maintenance of posture

determine fast twitch type IIa characteristics

fiber diameter:

capillary density:

myoglobin/concentration color:

metabolism:

concentration of mitochondria:

resistance to fatigue:

contractile velocity:

force production:

general use:

fiber diameter: intermediate

capillary density: moderate

myoglobin/concentration color: moderate/red-pink

metabolism: both aerobic and anaerobic capabilities

concentration of mitochondria: moderate

resistance to fatigue: moderate

contractile velocity: rapid

force production: moderate

general use: moderate intensity activity, such as running

determine fast twitch type IIb characteristics

fiber diameter:

capillary density:

myoglobin/concentration color:

metabolism:

concentration of mitochondria:

resistance to fatigue:

contractile velocity:

force production:

general use:

fiber diameter: larger

capillary density: low

myoglobin/concentration color:low/white

metabolism: low aerobic capacity, high anaerobic capacity

concentration of mitochondria: low

resistance to fatigue: low

contractile velocity: rapid

force production: high

general use: short burst of activity, such as sprinting or heavy lifting

Aerobic respiration

• requires oxygen

• usually happens mainly in the mitochondria

• produces much more ATP

• used for longer-lasting, lower-intensity activity

Anaerobic respiration

• does not require oxygen

• happens in the cytoplasm

• produces much less ATP

• used for short, intense activity when oxygen is limited

_____ ____ is the amount of oxygen required to restore metabolic conditions to resting levels

oxygen debt

in a resting state, _____ ____ provides enough ATP for muscles to function. stored ATP is quickly used up during intense exercise, and a molecule called _____ ____ phosphorylates Adenosine diphosphate(ADP) to produce ATP, this is a function of _____ _____.

when oxygen levels become depleted, _____ ____(a byproduct of anaerobic respiration) begins to accumulate. The buildup of lactic acid, along with the depletion of ATP and oxygen causes _____ ______

lactic acid, muscle fatigue

Lactic acid is brought to the _____ where it is converted to glucose

liver

the stimulus for skeletal muscle cell contraction comes from motor neurons, and the synapse between the neuron and muscle cell is called the _______ _____. A single motor neuron can synapse with multiple muscle cells. The neuron and the muscle cells that it innervates are collectively called _____ _____. All the motor neurons that innervate the same muscle make up a _____ ____

neuromuscular junction, motor unit, motor pool

When an action potential reaches an icon terminal, voltage-gated calcium ions in the membrane are opened, and CA+2 enters. these ions bind to synaptic vesicles that store _________, causing them to fuse with the membrane and release ACh into the synaptic cleft . ACh binds to _____ receptors on a folded portion of the sarcolemma known as the motor end plate. The permeability of the ,muscle cell changes, and the cell depolarizes. the action potential is taken into the muscle cell via t-tubules, causing calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open. the release of the calcium into the sarcoplasm causes the muscle to contract

acetylcholine(ACh), nicotinic