Comprehensive Psychology and Behaviorism: Key Concepts and Historical Figures

What was the primary ingredient in dispute during the Coca-Cola legal case of the early 1900s?

Caffeine

Which psychologist conducted double-blind experiments to study the effects of caffeine on performance?

Harry Hollingworth

Who coined the term 'mental tests' and distinguished between native and acquired intelligence?

James McKeen Cattell

What is the modern IQ formula developed by Lewis Terman?

Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

Who challenged the use of eugenics in intelligence testing by arguing that environmental factors explain IQ differences?

Horace Mann Bond

Who founded clinical psychology and opened the first psychology clinic in 1896?

Lightner Witmer

Which psychologist applied psychological principles to advertising and employee selection?

Walter Dill Scott

What field did Hugo Munsterberg help establish through his studies on eyewitness testimony and false confessions?

Forensic psychology

What does the 'Hawthorne Effect' suggest about workplace productivity?

Social and psychological factors, such as attention and group dynamics, affect productivity more than physical conditions like lighting

What did the case of 'Clever Hans' the horse demonstrate regarding animal learning?

Animals often respond to subtle environmental cues from humans rather than solving problems through reasoning

What is the philosophical position that valid knowledge must be observable, measurable, and testable?

Positivism

Who popularized the use of rat mazes for studying learning and memory?

Willard Small

What is Edward Lee Thorndike's 'Law of Effect'?

Behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened, while those followed by discomfort are weakened

What is Thorndike's 'Law of Exercise'?

Repetition strengthens the connection between a stimulus and a response

What are 'conditioned reflexes' as defined by Ivan Pavlov?

Automatic responses learned through repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a biologically significant one

How did Vladimir M. Bekhterev expand upon Pavlov's work?

He applied reflex theory to human behavior, focusing on observable motor responses to external stimuli

Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?

John B. Watson

What did John B. Watson define as the sole subject matter of psychology?

Observable behavior

What was the primary goal of the 'Little Albert' study?

To demonstrate that emotional responses like fear can be conditioned in humans

Who is known as the 'Mother of Behavior Therapy'?

Mary Cover Jones

What technique did Mary Cover Jones use to reduce fear in the child named Peter?

Counterconditioning

What are the four methods of behaviorism accepted by John B. Watson?

Observation, testing methods, verbal report method, and conditioned reflex method

How did Watson view the 'verbal report' method?

As observable motor responses

What did G. Stanley Hall argue regarding the role of psychology?

It should contribute to solving practical problems in education, business, and mental health

What was the primary focus of the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test?

Providing a nonverbal measure of intelligence

What is Thorndike's concept of 'Connectionism'?

Learning occurs through the formation of associations between stimuli and responses

What is the primary subject matter of Watsonian behaviorism?

Objective, measurable behavior such as muscular movements and glandular secretions.

How did Watson define emotions?

Physiological responses to specific stimuli rather than inner feelings.

What are the three basic learned emotional patterns identified by Watson?

Fear, rage, and love.

How did Watson explain the process of thinking?

As a form of subvocal speech involving small, unnoticed muscle movements.

What is Karl Lashley's Law of Mass Action?

The principle that learning depends on the amount of cortical tissue available.

What is the definition of equipotentiality in brain functioning?

The ability of different parts of the cortex to take over functions for damaged areas.

What are the three stages of behaviorism?

Watsonian Behaviorism (1913-1930), Neobehaviorism (1930-1960), and Sociobehaviorism (1960-1990).

What was the primary purpose of the 'IQ Zoo'?

To demonstrate the power of operant conditioning in real-world applications like entertainment.

What is operationism in psychology?

The requirement that a scientific concept be defined by the operations or measurements used to observe it.

How does Tolman's S-O-R model differ from the traditional S-R model?

It adds the 'Organism' (internal factors) between the stimulus and response.

What is latent learning as demonstrated by Tolman?

Learning that occurs without reinforcement until motivation is introduced.

What is Clark Hull's definition of learning?

The formation of habits through reinforcement that reduce biological drives.

In Hull's theory, what is a primary drive?

A motivational state arising from physiological needs like hunger or thirst.

What is the difference between respondent and operant behavior in Skinner's theory?

Respondent behavior is elicited by specific stimuli; operant behavior is emitted spontaneously and strengthened by consequences.

Which reinforcement schedule produces the most resistant and steady behavior?

Variable Ratio (VR).

What is a token economy?

A behavior modification system where desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens exchangeable for privileges.

What did the Bobo Doll experiment demonstrate?

Observational learning, where children imitate aggressive models they observe.

What is self-efficacy?

An individual's belief in their own ability to achieve goals.

What are the two components of Rotter's social learning theory?

Expectancy (belief about outcomes) and reinforcement value (desirability of outcomes).

What is the difference between an internal and external locus of control?

Internal locus is the belief that outcomes result from one's own actions; external locus is the belief that outcomes depend on luck or external forces.

How do methodological behaviorists differ from radical behaviorists?

Methodological behaviorists accept the study of inferred internal processes; radical behaviorists study only observable behavior and external stimuli.

What is the 'Hormic Psychology' proposed by William McDougall?

A perspective that emphasizes instinct and purposive behavior.

What is the main critique of Watson's behaviorism regarding human behavior?

Critics argued it ignored sensory/perceptual processes and oversimplified human behavior.

What is the 'empty organism' approach associated with B.F. Skinner?

The focus solely on observable behavior and environmental influences, ignoring internal mental states.

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Learning that occurs by observing the rewards and punishments received by others.

What is the hypothetico-deductive method used by Clark Hull?

Forming testable hypotheses derived from basic principles to create mathematical laws of behavior.

What is an intervening variable in Tolman's theory?

An internal factor, such as motivation or heredity, that influences how learning occurs.