A nad P (Lab)

brachium

arm

Cranium

skull

axilla (axillary)

armpit

antebrachium (antebrchial)

forearm

patella (patellar)

kneecap

pubis

pubic

inguen (inguinal)

groin

pelvis

pelvic

umbilicus

naval

abdomen

abdominal

thoracis/ thorax

chest

cervicis

neck

acromial

shoulder

dorsum (dorsal)

back

lumbus

loin (lower back)

Gluteus

butt

sagittal plane

left to right

Transverse plane

Top and bottom

Frontal plane

Front and back

superior (cranial)

above; toward the top of the head

inferior (caudal)

below; away from the head

anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body

posteror (dorsal)

toward the back of the body

medial

toward the middle of the body

lateral

away from the middle of the body

proximal

toward the point of refrence or attached based

Distal

away from the point of refrence or attached based

superficial

at or near the body surface

deep

away from the body surface

left and right

refers to patients left and right

The Axial Skeleton

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body (80 bones)

bones associated with the skull

– 6 auditory ossicles
– the hyoid bone

The skull

8 cranial bones (brain case)

14 facial bones

Functions of the skull

protects brain, eyes, middle and inner ears, entrances to respiratory and digestive

function of the axil skeleton

support and protects organs in body cavaties

allows attachment for muscles of: head, neck,trunk and respiration

appendicular skeleton

sinuses

air filled cavities within bones, decrease weight of bones and resonating chambers

lined with mucus membranes

sutures are

immovable joints of the skull

name the sutures

sagittal

lambdoid

squamous

coronal

the occiptal bone

forms the posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium

marks of the occipital bone

foramen magnum

jugular foramen

external occipital protuberance

occipital condyles

Foramen magnum

connects ranial & spinal cavities

Jugular foramen

passage of jugular vein

External occipital
protuberance:

Attachment
for trapezius muscle

Occipital condyles

articulate with
first cervical vertebra

The Parietal Bones

Forms part of the superior & lateral surfaces of the cranium

The Frontal Bone

Forms the anterior cranium & upper eyesockets

The Temporal Bones

Part of lateral walls of cranium & zygomatic arches

External acoustic canal

Soundwave enters, ends at tympanic membrane

Mastoid process:

muscle
attachment, contains
mastoid air cells
connected to middle ear

Internal acoustic canal

for blood vessels &
nerves of the inner ear & facial nerve

Auditory ossicles

3 tiny bones in tympanic cavity
(middle ear)

Jugular foremen

an opening in the base of the skull, located between the temporal bone and the occipital bone

allows nerves and blood vessels to pass between the brain and the neck

carotid canal

important opening in the temporal bone of the skull

Opens externally on the skull base and internally near the foramen lacerum.

transmits the internal carotid artery from the neck into the cranial cavity, supplying blood to most of the brain.

The Sphenoid

Part of the floor of the cranium

Marks of the Sphenoid ( Hypophysial fossa (of the sella turcica) )

• Location: Middle of the sphenoid bone, in the sella turcica (“Turkish saddle”).

• Shape: It is the deepest part of the sella turcica.

Marks of the Sphenoid: Optic canal

passage of optic nerve

The Ethmoid

Forms anteromedial floor of the cranium

cribriform plate

crista galli

Cribriform plate

floor of cranium, roof of nasal cavity, contains crista galli

Passage for Olfactory nerves

crista galli

attachment site for a membrane, stabilizes brain

Perpendicular plate

part of nasal septum

The Maxillary Bones

The largest facial bones

zygomatic process

palatine process

alveolar process

Alveolar process

support upper teeth

Palatine process:

forms anterior part of hard palate (roof of mouth)

Zygomatic process

maxillary bone connects to zygomatic bone

The Palatine Bones

Form posterior portion of the hard palate

Functions of the Zygomatic Bones

• Form part of zygomatic arch
• Contribute to the rim & lateral wall of orbit

small bones of the face

nasal bone

lacrimal bone

Parts of the mandible

alveolar process

body

angle

Mandibular Condylar process

Articulate with temporal bone

Alveolar processes

tooth socket, support lower teeth

Functions of the Hyoid Bone

• Supports larynx
• Attaches muscles of larynx, pharynx & tongue

Sinuses

Air-filed spaces, located within bones