Anatomy and Physiology - Basics

Flashcards covering the Anatomy and Physiology lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body.

Physiology

The study of the function of the body.

Properties of Living Things

Organization, made of cells, growth and development, energy processing/metabolism, reproduction, sensitivity, homeostasis, adaptation.

Levels of Organization

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.

Body Systems Categories

Protection, Support, & Movement, Communication & Coordination, Circulation & Fluid Balance, Inputs & Outputs, Reproduction.

Protection, Support, & Movement Systems

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular.

Communication & Coordination Systems

Nervous, endocrine.

Circulation & Fluid Balance Systems

Cardiovascular, lymphatic.

Inputs & Outputs Systems

Respiratory, digestive, urinary.

Integumentary System Primary Organs

Skin, hairs, nerve receptors.

Skeletal System Primary Organs

Bones, tendons, ligaments.

Muscular System Primary Organs

Muscles, tendons.

Nervous System Primary Organs

Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Endocrine System Primary Organs

Pituitary & pineal glands, thyroid & parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands & kidneys, ovaries & testes.

Cardiovascular System Primary Organs

Heart, vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries.

Lymphatic System Primary Organs

Lymph vessels & lacteals, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, peyer’s patches, tonsils, appendix.

Respiratory System Primary Organs

Nose & nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi & bronchioles, alveoli & pulmonary capillaries.

Digestive System Primary Organs

Oral cavity/mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, accessory organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Urinary System Primary Organs

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

Reproductive Systems Primary Organs

Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, scrotum, penis, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands.

Homeostasis Components

Variable, set point & range, feedback mechanism.

Feedback Mechanisms Components

Stimulus, receptor/sensor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, feedback.

Negative Feedback

Most common, for regulation of common events (temperature, blood pressure, glucose regulation, calcium regulation, gametogenesis).

Positive Feedback

Less common, usually for “emergency” events (hemostasis, reproductive contractions, fever).

Body Positions & Directional Terms

Anatomical position, supine, prone, right, superior, cephalic, anterior, ventral, proximal, lateral, superficial, left, inferior, caudal, posterior, dorsal, distal, medial, deep.

Anatomical (Regional) Terms - Anterior

Abdominal, acromial, antebrachial, antecubital, axillary, brachial, buccal, carpal, cephalic, cervical, coxal, cranial, crural, digital, femoral, fibular, frontal, iliac, inguinal, mammary, manual, mental, nasal, oral, orbital, otic, palmar, patellar, pedal, pelvic, perineal, phalangeal, plantar, pollex, pubic, sternal, tarsal, thoracic, umbilical.

Anatomical (Regional) Terms - Posterior

Acromial, antebrachial, axillary, brachial, calcaneal, carpal, cephalic, cervical, coxal, cranial, crural, cubital, digital, dorsum, femoral, fibular, gluteal, iliac, inguinal, lumbar, manual, occipital, olecranal, otic, perineal, phalangeal, plantar, pollex, popliteal, sacral, sural, tarsal.

Body Planes

Coronal/frontal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, transverse, oblique.

Sections

Longitudinal section, cross section, oblique section.

Body Cavities

Dorsal (cranial, vertebral), ventral (thoracic, abdominopelvic).

Thoracic Cavity Serous Membranes

Pericardial (pericardium), pleural (pleura).

Abdominopelvic Cavity Serous Membranes

Peritoneal (peritoneum), omentum, mesentery, mesocolon, retroperitoneal, pelvic.