History Midterm Flash Cards

OPCVL

OPCVL

Analysis method: Origin, Purpose, Content, Value, Limitation

SPICE

Analysis method: Social, Political, Interactions, Cultural, Economic

Cause & Effect Relationships

Understanding the link between causes and their effects

Continents

Large landmasses on Earth: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, South America

Oceans

Large bodies of saltwater: Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic, Pacific

Industrial Revolution

Major shift in production methods and technology

Innovation

Introduction of new ideas, products, or inventions

First Agricultural Revolution

Shift from hunting-gathering to farming

Second Agricultural Revolution

Increased agricultural productivity through new techniques and technologies

Positive Effects of Second Agricultural Revolution

More food, growth of cities, settled societies, order and stability

Negative Effects of Second Agricultural Revolution

Pollution, water pollution, overpopulation, unsustainable crop practices, desertification

Third Agricultural Revolution

Introduction of genetic engineering, pesticides, and fertilizers on a global scale

Urbanization

Growth of cities: positive - more jobs, negative - crime and lack of services

Industrialization

Mechanization of labor and growth of industries

Cottage Industry

Pre-industrial home-based production by women

Factory System

Large-scale production in warehouses with many employees

Capitalism

Economic system prioritizing profits and buying/selling of products

Socialism

Economic/political system where profits are shared equally

Labor Union

Organization bargaining wages on behalf of workers

Emperor

Symbolic leader of Japan with no real power

Shogun

In charge of government and military in Japan

Causes of Industrial Revolution in Britain

Abundant resources, access to ports, stable government

Working Conditions during Industrial Revolution in Britain

Bad conditions for all groups, long hours, dirty, health issues, child labor, abuse, machines on fire

Effects of Industrial Revolution in Britain (Social)

Growth of cities, growth of middle class, urban areas grew

Effects of Industrial Revolution in Britain (Political)

Workers' rights, labor unions, women's suffrage movement, laws limiting child labor

Effects of Industrial Revolution in Britain (Environmental)

Laws limiting pollution, demand for raw materials

Effects of Industrial Revolution in Britain (Cultural)

Adoption of western style clothing globally

Effects of Industrial Revolution in Britain (Economic)

More jobs, increased productivity, more wealth for middle class

Reform Movement during Industrial Revolution in Britain

Luddites (opposed machines), women's suffrage, middle class voting rights

Internal Causes of Industrialization in Japan

Inability of the Shogun to govern, Meiji Restoration

External Causes of Industrialization in Japan

Imperialism from Western nations, unequal treaties

Treaty of Kanagawa

Japan gives priority to USA in trade, allows refueling using Japanese coal mines

Reforms in Meiji Japan

Restoration of Emperor, adoption of Western-style government with a constitution

Social Impacts of Industrialization in Meiji Japan

Adoption of Western-style clothing, military, restoration of emperor

Political Impacts of Industrialization in Meiji Japan

Voting for males, Western-style constitution

Economic Impacts of Industrialization in Meiji Japan

Wealthy country, rapid growth of factories, better standard of living

Comparison of Industrial Revolutions in Britain and Japan

Both had access to ports and stable governments, but Japan industrialized faster

Benefits of Innovation and Revolutionary Change to Society

Better standards of living, affordable products, more leisure time

Positive vs. Negative Effects of Industrialization

Perspective-dependent

Monarchy

Rule by a king or queen who inherits their position

Theocracy

Rule by religious clergy or a supreme leader

Democracy

Elected leaders, voting, and individual rights

Fascism

Government controls industry but allows private property

Communism

Government controls all industries and distributes resources according to needs

Anarchy

Absence of government

State

A recognized country

Territory

Bounded land area

Sovereignty

A state's ability to enforce laws and protect boundaries, recognized by other states

Strengths and Weaknesses of Monarchy

Stable and predictable government, potential for tyranny

Strengths and Weaknesses of Theocracy

Stable government, lack of diversity

Strengths and Weaknesses of Democracy

Guaranteed freedoms, difficulty in decision-making

Strengths and Weaknesses of Fascism

Ability to solve societal problems quickly, dictatorial

Strengths and Weaknesses of Communism

In theory, takes care of citizens' needs, dictatorial

Strengths and Weaknesses of Anarchy

Freedom, lack of order and stability

Roles of Government

Protection, defense, services, law-making

Example of Monarchy

British monarchy with Queen Elizabeth

Example of Theocracy

Iran with Supreme Leader and Vatican City with Pope Francis

Example of Democracy

Ancient Greece with voting rights for citizens

Example of Fascism

Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler

Example of Communism

USSR under Joseph Stalin

Example of Anarchy

No specific example given

Globalization

Interconnectedness of the world through trade and technology

Trade

Buying and selling of goods and services

Missionary

Religious person spreading their beliefs

Exploitation

Unfair treatment of a person or group

Cultural Exchange

Sharing of ideas between different cultures

Diplomacy

Representation of a country's interests in other countries

Age of Exploration

Period of European voyages of discovery

Spice Trade

Trade of spices between Europe, Africa, and Asia

Silk Road

Ancient trade route between China, Middle East, and Europe

Atlantic Slave Trade

Enslavement and transportation of African captives to the Americas

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of people, ideas, animals, and food between the New World and Old World

Positive Effects of Spice Trade

Spread of technology and ideas

Negative Effects of Spice Trade

Spread of diseases

Items/Ideas Traded along the Silk Road

Spread of Christianity, Buddhism, camel saddles

Effects of Silk Road (Social)

Spread of religion

Effects of Silk Road (Political)

Stability of empires

Effects of Silk Road (Environmental)

Spread of disease

Effects of Silk Road (Cultural)

Spread of ideas

Effects of Silk Road (Economic)

Trade, paper money

Unequal Treaties

Unfair treaties between countries, abuse of terms

Conditions of Atlantic Slave Trade

Terrible conditions, chains, spread of diseases

Effects of Atlantic Slave Trade (Britain/Europe/Americas)

Increased production, rise of chattel slavery

Effects of Atlantic Slave Trade (Africa)

Depopulation

Cooperation and Cultural Exchange between States

Example: Britain cooperating with industrial revolutions in Japan and the United States

Exploitation and Hostility between States

Example: Native Americans suffering due to exploitation

Positive vs. Negative Effects of Globalization

Perspective-dependent