qualitative analysis
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10 Terms
order of tests
1) Carbonate
2) Sulfate
3) Halides
Test for Halide Ions
Reagent: AgNO3
Chlorine: forms white ppt + soluble in dilute NH3
Bromine: forms cream ppt + soluble in conc NH3
Iodine: forms yellow ppt + insoluble
Halide equations
chlorine:
Ag(aq) + Cl-(aq) —> AgCl(s)
Bromine:
Ag(aq) + Br-(aq) —> AgBr(s)
Iodine:
Ag(aq) + I-(aq) —> AGI(s)
Tests for carbonate ions
Reagent: HNO3
Observation: fizzing as CO2 is produced
Carbonate equations
CO3(aq)2- + 2H+(aq) —> H2O(aq) + CO2(g)
Tests for Sulfate ions
Reagent: SO4 + BaCl
Observation: white ppt formed as BaSO4 is insoluble
Sulfate equations
Ba2+(aq) + SO4 2- (aq) —> BaSO4 (s)
Test for ammonium ions
Reagent: NaOH
observation: Ammonia gas given off reacts with damp (H2O) red litmus to form OH- ions (BLUE LITMUS).
ammonium equations
NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq) —> NH3(aq) + H2O (aq)
rates of reactions
Cl: slowest due to highest bond enthalpy
I: fastest as weakest bond enthalpy
Note 
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