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Terminal speed
The constant speed attained when the resistant force equals the pushing force on a body.
Hooke’s law
The tension in a spring is proportional to its extension or compression.
Newton’s first law of motion
A body moves at constant velocity when the net force on it is zero.
Newton’s second law of motion
The net force on a body is proportional to its acceleration and in the same direction.
Newton’s third law of motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Archimedes’ principle
A body in fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced liquid.
Centripetal force
The force directed towards the center of a circular orbit required for an object to move in that orbit.
Elastic collision
A collision where kinetic energy is conserved.
Inelastic collision
A collision where kinetic energy is not conserved.
Work done
The product of force in the direction of displacement and the distance traveled.
Power
The rate at which work is being done.
Temperature
A measure of particles' random kinetic energy.
Conduction
Heat transfer through collisions of electrons with atoms.
Convection
Heat transfer due to the rising of lower density fluids.
Convection currents
Fluid motion due to differences in densities.
Radiation
Heat transfer through emission of electromagnetic waves from a hot surface.
Stefan-Boltzmann law
Radiated intensity is proportional to the fourth power of temperature in Kelvin.
Black body
A theoretical body that absorbs all radiation and radiates maximum intensity for a given temperature.
Peak wavelength
Wavelength corresponding to the peak of the black body spectrum curve.
Wien’s law
Peak wavelength is inversely proportional to Kelvin temperature.
Albedo
Ratio of reflected-to-incident intensity.
Avogadro’s hypothesis
Equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain the same amount of moles.
Closed system
Can transfer energy but not mass.
Isolated system
No mass or energy transfer.
Entropy
Measure of a system’s disorder.
Carnot cycle
Thermodynamic cycle with two isothermal and two adiabatic curves.
Critical angle
Angle at which a refracted ray travels along the boundary between two media.
Diffraction
Spreading out of waves around objects or through apertures.
Coherent
Two or more sources emitting waves in phase.
Wavefront
Line showing parts of a wave in the same phase.
Ray
Line showing the path of a wave.
Standing wave
Formed by superposition of two identical travelling waves in opposite directions.
Damping
Loss of energy in an oscillating system due to resistive forces.
Natural frequency
Frequency of free oscillations of a body.
Resonance
Driving force matches the natural frequency, increasing maximum amplitude.
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