SCIENCE REVIEWER (1)

LESSON 1.1-1.4

Sequence of events that happen when the heart beats

Cardiac cycle

three phases in the cardiac cycle:

1. The diastole of all the chambers of the heart

2. The systole of the atria

3. Systole of the ventricles

One _______ circle is completed as the heart is filled with blood and the blood is pumped out of the heart

Cardiac (circle)

All the heart chambers are relaxed. The right atrium receives blood from the Vena Cava. The left atrium receives blood from the Pulmonary veins. At this point, the AV valves are open, allowing blood to flow freely into the ventricles. It lasts for 0.4 seconds. At this point, the SL valves are closed, preventing blood to flow back into the ventricles.

Diastole phase of all the chambers of the heart

The atria contracts briefly for only 0.1 seconds. this contraction can fill the ventricles with blood. at this point, the AV valves are open while the SL valves are closed, preventing the backflow of blood to the ventricles.

Systole phase of the atria

The AV valves close & the SL valves open. Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Contraction of the left ventricle forces oxygenated blood to the different parts of the body via the aorta. The aorta branches out to provide oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.

Systole phase of the ventricles

As the chambers of the heart alternately contract and relax, ____ are produced

Heart sounds

Is a medical instrument that can allow the observer to hear heart sounds.

Stethoscope

Sound of Heartbeats

"Lub-Dub"

The 1st sound ___ is usually softer in pitch and longer in duration. vibrations of the ventricles when they contract and the closing of the AV Valves produce it.

Lub

2nd heart sound ___ is higher in pitch & shorter in duration. the vibrations of the closing of the SL valves produce it.

Dub

Is the force exerted by the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

Blood pressure

Blood pressure can be measure by using an instrument called ______

Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure is always given in

Two numbers

The normal blood pressure

120/80

The number above (120) is the _____ pressure

Systolic (pressure)

The number below (80) is the _____ pressure

Diastolic (pressure)

At rest, the heart beats from __ to __ times per minute

60-70

Blood pressure is at its highest every time the heart beats called _____

Systolic pressure

In between beats, blood pressure falls. Every in-between beat, the heart is at rest called _____

Diastolic pressure

Is also the force that moves blood from the heart to the different blood vessels. The pressure causes the arteries to rhythmically stretch.

Blood pressure

Stretching of the Artery caused by blood pressure is called a ____

Pulse

occurs as the artery bulges during each heartbeat.

Pulse

Placements of pulse

1. TEMPORAL ARTERY

2. FACIAL ARTERY

3. CAROTID ARTERY

4. BRACHIAL ARTERY

5. RADIAL ARTERY

6. FEMORAL ARTERY

7. POPLITEAL ARTERY

8. DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY

At the temple above and to the outer side of the eye

Temporal artery

At the point of crossing the mandible

Facial artery

On both sides of the neck

Carotid artery

On the inner side of the biceps

Branchial artery

On the groin

Femoral artery

behind the knee

Popliteal artery

At the anterosuperior aspect of the foot

Dorsalis pedis artery

ORGANS OF RESPIRATION

1. NOSE

2. PHARYNX

3. TRACHEA

4. LARYNX

5. BRONCHI

6. LUNGS

7. ALVEOLI

Is the main gateway of the respiratory system

Nose

The nose is lined with tiny hair called ____ and mucous membranes. These structures filter the dust particles from the air.

Cilia

Is the common opening for both food and air.

Pharynx

A flap of cartilage that guards the path of the pharynx to make sure that food & air will enter the correct passageway

Epiglottis

The pharynx leads to the ____ or windpipe.

Trachea

Before and on top of the trachea is the _____ or voice box. It is composed of the vocal chords that vibrate and produce sounds as air passes through.

Larynx

A cylindrical tube that is 5 inches long. composed of several rings of cartilage.

Trachea

The distil end of the trachea branches into 2 ______ (singular: bronchus); each is connected to the lung.

Primary bronchi

Inside the lungs, the primary bronchi subdive further, forming the _______ until the smallest subdivisions (less than 1mm) called ______ form.

Bronchial tree

Bronchioles

At the tip of each bronchiole is an ______.

Air sac

The _____ is the functional unit of the lungs. they look like grapes. It contains many tiny outpocketings called _____.

Air sac

Alveoli

Each ____ is one-cell thick and surrounded by blood vessels. within these, the exchange of gases happen.

Alveolus

An average and healthy adult lungs contain about ___ million air sacs

500 (million)

cone-shaped organ for respiration

Lungs

The lungs are covered with a 2-layered membrane called

Pleura

On the inner surface of the lungs are slit-like openings called the ____, where each primary bronchus inserts.

Hilum

The _____ is a sheet of smooth mucle located below the lungs. it flattens as it contracts. the chest cavity expands, and the lungs are filled with air. It relaxes and goes back to its dome-shaped position

Diaphragm

_____ is nor consciously controlled (involuntary process). is controlled by the medulla oblongata of the brain.

Breathing

Are group of muscles located between the ribs.

Intercostal Muscles

____ diffuses to the bloodstream via the capillaries surrounding the air sacs

Oxygen

assists the movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood cells and distributes it to all the cells in the body. also caused of pigment in blood

Hemoglobin

Oxygen goes to the mitochondria of the cell to use it in releasing energy from glucose. This is called

Cellular respiration

LIFESTYLES THAT AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF THE CIRCULATORY & RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. CHRONIC DISEASE

2. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY/EXERCISE

3. HEALTHY DIET

4. CIGARETTE SMOKING

5. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE

6. HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

Is a condition that persists for a long period of time. Can be caused by: Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol abuse, poor eating & dietary habits.

Chronic diseases

any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure

Physical activity

planned, structured, repetitive movement intended to improve or maintain physical fitness

Exercise

Implies the significance of a healthy diet on a person's overall well-being.

"You are what you eat"

Is the main source of energy, vitamins, & minerals that the body needs for growth and life-continuing metabolic processes.

Food

This habit causes respiratory problems like coughing, wheezing, and can lead to lung diseases

Cigarette smoking

___Deposits clog up the alveoli

Tar

____ Causes the constriction of the blood vessels in the lungs, slowing down the flow of blood in the lungs.

Nicotine

____ increSes the risk of dying from a heart attack by 50%

Smoking

A type of lifestyle with no irregular or physical activity

Sedentary Lifestyle

___ Can damage the circulatory system, resulting in decreased blood pressure, slower pulse, & difficulty breathing. These are short term effects.

Chronic high blood pressure heatt muscle deterioration "Cardiomyopathy" These are long term effects and are irreversible.

Alcohol Abuse/Heavy alcohol consumption

transports nutrients, fights infections.

Circulatory

muscular pumping organ, 4 chambers.

heart

circulating medium.

blood

arteries, veins, capillaries.

3 types of blood vessels

seperated by Septum

heart chambers

muscular wall

septum

oxygen poor blood. From body (receives)

Right Atrium

oxygen-rich blood from lungs (receives).

left Atrium

pumping chambers

ventricles

pumps oxygen-low blood

Right Ventricle