Chapter 12: Language Contact

Lexifier

Lexifier

the language that provides most of the vocabulary of a pidgin.

Nativization

the process in which an initially non- native language to a group of speakers is adopted as first languages by children in some speech community.

Language endangerment

________ is a locally determined phenomenon.

Code switching

the use of two or more languages or dialects within a single utterance or conversation.

Adstratal

speakers who are equally prestigious.

Societal multilingualism

when whole communities speak multiple languages in everyday life.

Creole languages

develop from a pidgin language or prepidgin jargon when it is adopted as the first, or native, language of a group of speakers.

Superstratum

________ language- the language of the dominant or more prestige group.

Substratum language

the language of the less dominant or less prestige group.

Diglossia

the situation where different languages or dialects are used for different functions.

Kannada

________ spoken outside Kupwar has a distinction that is not present in the Marathi pattern.

Language death a language

________ has no more speakers left.

Language contact

when two or more distinct languages come into contact with each other either directly through social interaction of the speakers or indirectly through education or literature

Borrowing

the transfer of lexical items or structural properties from one language to another

Core vocabulary

words for basic items that most societies have words for (usually not borrowed)

Loans

individual words adopted into one language from another

Calques

phrases acquired through a word-for-word translation into native morphemes

Language convergence

languages in contact become more alike

Language death

a language has no more speakers left

Intensity of contact

determined by the duration of the linguistic contact as well as the level of interaction among speakers

Adstratal

speakers who are equally prestigious

Pidgin languages

develop in trading centers or in areas under industrialization

Crystallizing

establishing grammatical conventions