Chem: Finals (Mod 1)

Introduction carbon and carbon properties

Organic Chemistry

• The study of carbon and carbon compounds present in all living organisms

• The chemistry of carbon and how it bonds with other atoms

Biochemistry

• Introduction to the chemistry of life

• Revolves around health sciences including microbiology, physiology, nutrition, medicine, dentistry, optometry, and nursing

• Bioinorganic substances

• Bioorganic substances

What are the types of biochemical substances?

Bioinorganic substances

Substances that do not contain carbon

Bioorganic substances

Substances that contain carbon

• Water

• Inorganic Salts

Types of bioinorganic substances

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Nuclei Acids

Types of bioorganic substances/ the 4 groups of biomolecules

70%

What’s the percentage of water?

5%

What’s the percentage of inorganic salts?

15%

What’s the percentage of proteins?

2%

What’s the percentage of carbohydrates & nucleic acids?

8%

What’s the percentage of lipids

Most are ionically bonded

What is the chemical bond of inorganic compounds?

Covalent bonding and has the ability to form 3 covalent bonds

What is the chemical bond of organic compound?

3 covalent bonds

How many covalent bonds can the covalent bonding form?

Most are solid with high melting point

What are the state of inorganic substances?

Many are gases, liquids, and solids with low melting point and boiling point

What are the state of organic substances?

Most are soluble in water and in organic solvents

What is the solubility of inorganic compounds

Generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

What is the solubility of organic compounds?

Aqueous solutions forms ions that conduct electricity

What is the conductivity of inorganic compounds?

Aqueous solution does not conduct electricity

What is the conductivity of organic compounds?

Only few burns/non-flammable

What is the combustibility/flammability of inorganic compounds?

Almost all burn and decompose; highly flammable

What is the combustibility/flammability of organic compounds?

Reactions are very fast

What is the reactivity or inorganic compound?

Reactions are very slow

What is the reactivity of organic compounds?

Low molecular mass

What is the molecular mass of inorganic compounds?

High molecular mass

What is the molecular mass of organic compounds?

4 bonds

How many bonds can form in a carbon atom?

• Long chains, almost unlimited chains

• Straight chains, branched chains, and rings

What does carbon atom form?

Organic

Must contain at least one carbon

CH4

Simplest organic molecule

4 valence electrons

How many valence electrons does a carbon contain?

• Diamond

• Graphite

• Fullerenes

• Nanotube

Four forms of the element carbon/pure carbon

Diamond

• Crystalline form of carbon in which each other carbon atom is bonded strongly to four other carbon atoms

• Formed from high temperatures and high pressure

• Used in industry as cutting tools

Graphite

• Each carbon atom is bonded tightly to three other carbon atoms in flat layers

• Used in lubricant in machines

Very Weak

What are the bonds of graphite?

Mostly graphite

What does the lead of pencils consists of?

Fullerenes

• Consists of carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere

• Big spheroid molecule

Nanotube

• Carbon atoms are arranged in the shape of a long hollow cylinder

• Tiny, light, flexible, and extremely strong

Heat and electricity

What does the nanotube conduct?

C-C Bond

Unusually strong to form a stable, sturdy backbone for a large molecule

Carbon’s capacity for covalent bonding

Well suited to form the basic skeleton, or “backbone” of a macromolecule

• Biochemicals

• Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

• Hormones

• Vitamins

Important Chemicals in Living Systems

4 strong covalent bonds

Carbon has the ability to form what?

2 electrons max

An s orbital can accommodate

6 electrons max

A p orbital can accommodate

10 electrons max

A d orbital can accommodate

14 electrons max

An f orbital can accommodate

Valence electron

The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

s orbital

1st Shell

sp orbital

2nd Shell

spd

3rd shell

• Hybrid orbital

• Molecular orbital

Two basic types of orbital

Hybrid Orbital

Combination of orbitals within a given atom

Molecular orbital

Combination of orbitals between atoms during bonding forming molecules

Orbital Hybridization

Concept of mixing orbitals into new hybrid orbitals suitable for pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory

Alkane

Sp3

Alkene

Sp2

Alkyne

Sp

Sp3

25% s character; 75% p character

Sp2

33% s character; 67% p character

Sp

50% s character; 50% p character

Catenation

• The ability to connect in series

• Ability of atoms to form stable bonds by linking together in straight branched or ringed chains

CnH2n+2

What is the general formula of alkanes?

CnH2n

What is the general formula of alkenes?

CnH2n-2

What is the general formula of alkynes?

Functional Group

• Atoms or group of atoms of an organic molecule undergoing predictable chemical reactions

• Compounds in same functional group of different molecule undergoes same type of reactions

• Units which organic compounds are classified or divided into families of compounds

• Basis for naming compounds

Hydrocarbon

Compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen

Water

What does hydrocarbons mix poorly with?

Flammable

All hydrocarbons are what?

Methane, Ethane, and Propane

Examples of hycrocarbon

CH4

Methane

C2H6

Ethane

C3H8

Propane

Structural Formula

Shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Isomers

Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formula which makes them have different properties

Saturated hydrocarbons

Only single bonds, has maximum number a hydrogen atoms attached

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Has double or triple bonds, have fewer hydrogen than saturated hydrocarbon

Primary (1°) carbon

A carbon attached to only 1 other c atom

Secondary (2°) carbon

A carbon attached to 2 other c atom

Tertiary (3°) carbon

A carbon attached to 3 other c atom

Quaternary (4°) carbon

A carbon atom attached to 4 other c atom

• Functional Groups

• Polymers

• Biomolecules

Organic compounds are made up of what?

• Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

• Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Examples of functional groups

Arenes/Benzene

Example of Aromatic Hydrocarbon

• Saturated Hydrocarbon

• Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Examples of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Alkanes

Example of Saturated Hydrocarbon

• Alkenes

• Alkynes

Example of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Halogens

What does R-X, R-F, R-Cl, R-Br, and R-I contain?

Oxygen

What do Alcohols, Ethers, Thiols, Phenols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids, and esters contain?

Nitrogen

What does Amines and Amides contain?

Alkane

- & C-C

Alkene

= & C=C

Alkyne

≡ & C ≡ C

Alkyl

R- & R-

Alkyl Halide

-X & R-X (X= F,Cl, Br,or I)

Alcohol

-OH & R-OH

Phenols

-OH & Ar-OH

Ethers

-O- & R-O-R’

Thiols

-SH & R-SH