Cellular Respriation Link to Anatomy

ATP

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Respiration

Respiration can be either aerobic or anaerobic. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce energy from glucose, generating a large amount of ATP through stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, using alternative electron acceptors and generally producing less energy, as seen in lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Fermentation

Fermentation is a process that converts sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen. It generates energy without oxygen and yields less ATP than aerobic respiration, common in lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles known as the 'powerhouses' of the cell, converting nutrients into ATP during aerobic respiration. They contain their own DNA and play roles in metabolic functions, including cell growth regulation.

Circulatory System

The circulatory system, or cardiovascular system, transports blood, nutrients, gases, and hormones throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, maintaining homeostasis by regulating temperature, pH levels, and fluid balance.

Blood Vessels

Blood vessels include arteries (carrying oxygen-rich blood), veins (carrying oxygen-poor blood), and capillaries (where gas exchange occurs), playing a critical role in blood pressure and flow regulation.

Systole and Diastole

Systole is the phase when heart muscles contract to pump blood out of the chambers, while diastole is when the muscles relax, allowing the chambers to fill with blood. Both phases are critical for effective circulation.

Lactic Acid

Lactic acid is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration formed during glucose breakdown without enough oxygen, especially during intense exercise. It can cause muscle fatigue but can be converted back to glucose when oxygen becomes available.

Capillary

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, connecting arterioles and venules. Their thin walls enable efficient gas and nutrient exchange between blood and surrounding tissues, crucial for cellular metabolism.

Plasma

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of its volume. It transports cells, nutrients, and waste products and plays roles in blood clotting and maintaining blood pressure and volume.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure measures the force exerted by blood against vessel walls, expressed as systolic over diastolic pressure (mmHg). Healthy levels are essential for adequate organ and tissue blood flow.

Training Effect and Homeostasis

The training effect refers to the physiological adaptations resulting from regular exercise that enhance efficiency in using oxygen and energy. Homeostasis is the process by which biological systems maintain stable internal environments, crucial for optimal function and health.