Unit 6 Apush

Transcontinental Railroad

The central pacific and Union Pacific tracks meet at Promontory Point, Utah 10 May 1869, completing the blank

Homestead Act (1862)

offers 160 acres of “free” land to any citizen or head of household - must improve land within 5 years

Joseph Glidden

invented barbed wire which led to the end of open range

Morrill Land Grant Act (182 + 1890)

federal government gives land to states to establish agricultural colleges to help farmers

Hatch Act of 1887

provides money to develop new technology so these new colleges can share it with the farmers

Homesteader

settlers who moved onto lands given by the Homestead Act. You are foraging for whatever you can find bc you are the doctor, hunter, gatherer, builder of home, farmer, and caretaker of livestock to your family with no help.

Great Plains aka

“The Breadbasket of the Nation”

Significance of the Frontier

Stressed that the availability of free land and influence of the frontier had played a major role in developing of democracy in the U.S.. Written by Frederick Jackson Turner.

The Grange

A social group for frontier families to gather, socialize, and discuss financial concerns, advocating for government regulation of big business, railroads, and banks.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

-Federal govt regulates RRs

-Marks the “beginning of the end” of Laissez-faire govt regulation

The Farmer’s Alliance -1875

-“Free Silver” (use of silver coins to cause inflation)

-Govt take-over of RRs -Anti-trust laws (to break up monopolies)

-Easy credit for farmers

-Tenant farmers and sharecroppers

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

-Monopolies & trusts could be made illegal because they stifle competition & keep prices high (Between 1890 – 1902 the SAA will be used to break up labor unions instead of corporations) it became the opposite of its purpose

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

-U.S. govt will purchase every ounce of silver & issue new notes backed up with gold and silver

The Gilded Age

Period of unprecedented economic, industrial, and population expansion from 1877-1900

Caused by 2nd Industrial Rev, Capitalism, Robber Barons, Urbanization and mass immigration

2nd Industrial Revolution

Marked by enormous growth and consolidation of wealth and ownership

Patronage/Spoils System

Giving govt positions to loyal followers that were not qualified (or merit-less) for their positions -Led to political corruption, which became worse during the Gilded Age

Robber Barons aka Captains of industry

William Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan

Presidents of Gilded age

• All had taking back seat in government in common

• Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester Alan Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland again, William Mckinley

Muckrakers

 a journalist who sought out and exposed corruption and made it known through sensationalist writing

1872: Credit Mobilier Scandal

Biggest bribery scandal in U.S. History, led to a greater public awareness of govt corruption

1875: Whiskey Ring Scandal

-Post-Civil War excise tax; developed into a conspiracy

-Grant pardons his personal secretary involved in the scandal

- first president to recommend a Civil Service Commission

The Pendleton Act of 1883

Reform required workers to pass a civil service exam to get a govt job and be promoted based on the concept of “meritocracy

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851

Plains Indians are guaranteed free roam of the Great Plains. Shift from a “Removal” Policy towards “Concentrations”. Plains indians put on reservations and after math of Dakota War.

Red Cloud’s War (1866-1868)

Bozeman Trail blazed through Sioux lands to get the gold and copper mines in Montana. U.S. Army occupied the Powder River area. Red Cloud defeats U.S.

Red River War (1874)

US Army uses total war tactics against the Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache in TX and OK. Gen Geroge Custer become a hero.

1874:Black Hills Gold Rush

874: Black Hills Gold Rush - Gen. Custer instigates war with the Sioux by illegally entering the Black Hills with the purpose of discovering gold → Thousands of whites move into the Black Hills

25 June 1876:Battle of Little Bighorn

Known as “Custer’s Last Stand”. Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and over 5,000 Sioux warriors wipe out Custer and his 200 soldiers from the 7th Cavalry

Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce (1876-1877)

Nez Perce were ordered to leave their home in Oregon to go to a reservation in Washington Territory within 30 days → Chief Joseph and his band of Nez Perce refused. - 1,000 mile, 3-month chase by the U.S. Army - Captured 40 miles south of the Canadian border; 5-day battle

Surrender quote: I am tired of fighting…Hear me my Chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.

Chief Joseph

Wounded Knee Massacre

Remaining Sioux forced into reservation life at gunpoint. Morning of 29 December 1890: U.S. army demanded the surrender of all Sioux weapons → a shot rang out → the reconstructed 7th Cavalry opened fire on the Sioux → they were cut down as they tried to run away.

Dawes Severalty Act aka Dawes Act 1887

gave Native American families 160 acres if they adopted "civilized" life and became U.S. citizens. It forced many off tribal lands onto poorer plots and sent children to boarding schools, benefiting white settlers with better land.

Vertical Integration - Carnegie

owning the businesses involved in each step of manufacturing → lower costs (“cut out the middleman”)

Forming a trust

multiple companies, often under the control of a few individuals, coming together to dominate a market industry, effectively creating a monopoly or cartel, and limiting competition.

Horizontal Integration - Rockefeller

owning all businesses in a field, he becomes the middleman

The Principle of Scientific Management by Frederick Taylor

encouraged managers to view workers as interchangeable parts

Social Darwinism

“Survival of the Fittest” applied to which human beings would succeed in business and in life in general

Gospel of Wealth by Carnegie

business leaders believed that rich should “help the poor” by wisely distributing their wealth in way they believed would help society. (give money to their choice of libraries or colleges).

4 major waves of immigration

1st wave in the 1600s aka Great migration

Names were often misspelled so inspectors didn’t have to deal with foreign names

Ellis Island

3-acre island in NY Bay - Immigration station for europeans

Emigration from Europe: took 1 week

Angel Island in CA - Immigration station for Asians

very slow process sometimes took months

Emigration from Asia: took 3 weeks

Nativism

An extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people and a desire to limit immigration

WASPS

white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestants who disliked immigrants and saw them as a threat

“Old Immigrants” - 2nd wave

North or West Europe, Protestant, Literate and skilled, came from democratic countries with wealth

“New Immigrants” - 3rd wave

South or East Europe, Catholic/Orthodox/Jewish, Illiterate, settled in ethnic neighborhoods, poorer and came from less democratic countries

Chinese Exclusion Act

Barred Chinese immigrants for 10 years. Chinese already in country were denied citizenship.

1882 Immigration Act:

banned convicts, paupers, and the mentally disabled from immigrating with a 50- cent tax on every person coming into the country

Paper Sons and Paper daughters

immigrants avoid immigration restrictions by claiming relatives of American citizens to gain entry, through fabricated documents and family histories

New immigrants settled into

ghettos

Political machines

corrupt local and state politics

Residents vote for candidates supported by political machines, machines maintain power over city governments, political machines work to control city politics, Run by powerful “Boss” who has influence with or over city officials, machines hand out jobs contracts and favors to city residents.

Tammany Hall

Most infamous NYC political machine, led by William twee, stole millions through bribes and fraud, exposed by Thomas Nast and muckraking cartoons, investigated and found guilty.

Thomas Nast

muckraker cartoonist

Muckraker Jacob Riis

“How the Other Half Lives” - exposed poor parts of the city - rich had never seen before.

Graft

illegal use of political influence for private gain. (e.g., helping someone find a job on construction project for the city)

“Social Gospel Movement”

preached salvation through service of the poor

Lincoln Steffens’ Muckraker

“Shame of the Cities” - exposed corruption in local governments

“Settlement Houses”

community centers in poor neighborhoods that provided assistance; especially immigrants

• Hull House - one of the most famous settlement houses in Chicago founded by Jane Adams

Jane Addams

“Mother of Social Work”. Pioneering social reformer and activist known for her work in establishing Hull House one of the most important settlement houses. And creator of social work.

Reform Party

• NY Democratic party who took up the cause of the worker

Bessemer Process

invented mid1850s, allowed steel to be produced quickly and cheaply • As steel dropped in price → so did the cost of building RRs → boom in construction

Stock Watering

 the practice of inflating the value of a company's assets and profits to sell more stock and bonds than the company is actually worth.

Knights of Labor

Avoided politics, nationalization of net works. ‘allowed skilled an unskilled workers regardless of race and gender. Terrence Powderly and Uriah Stephens. Equal pay for women, nationaliztion of RR, phones income tzx. Blamed for Haymarket violence.

Populist Party

AKA Farmers Alliance

New South

The post-Civil War period when southern leaders promoted industrialization and a diversified economy, aiming to move away for the region’s reliance on agriculture and slavery, while maintaining racial hierarchies.

Munn vs. Illinois

Grangers began to regulate RR rates in illinois through state legislation, RR companies argue laws violate Gibbons vs. Oyden, bc RRs cross state lines. “Granger laws” series of farmer friendly laws which were passed after this case.

Crime of 1873 aka Coinage Act

The Lincoln Admin printed up excess paper currency to pay for the civil war which caused inflation. To try to curb inflation, congress lessened the value of paper currency and silver coins with the blank act of 1873

Wabash v. Illinois

Supreme Court overturns munns ruling. Only congress can regulate RR rates due to Interstate Commerce Act. Grangers go into decline. This is a short term defeat for the farmers.

National Labor Union

Mandate, 8 hour work day. 30 hour work week. higher wages. Political campaigns. Accepted all workers. max work week set at 40 hours. Succeeded in 8 hour work day.

Great Railroad Strike

Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh. Fought due to labor disputes, financial panic of 1873 and work week made 2-3 days. Pennsylvania cut wages 10%, vRR employees seized control of railyard switches. Led to Haymarket bombing. Naitonal guards troops from philly were called.

American Federation of Labor

Goals: Closed shop; only union members hired

organizing immigrant workers in the sweatshop.

Accepted skilled craft workers and all union members. Issues include employer resistance, open shop and internal conflict between unions. Succeeded in organizing workers in immigrant sweatshops.

Homestead Steel Strike

Strike that happened in Pennsylvania because Andrew carnegie was trying to break the union and 325 employees got wage cuts. Gunfire broleout between workers and pinkertons. Daily wages of workers shrank and hours increased. LEd to a period of non union labor. This was a major union defeat in the steel industry.

Haymarket Riot

Chicago riot that happened to get 60 hr work weeks and because workers were replaced by strike breakers. Protest against police brutatity; bomb was thrown when police tried to disperse the crowd. Resulted in a highly controversial trial. Set back the labor movement and led to the AFL being formed.

Pullman Strike

Strike in chicago. Pullman laid off hundreds of workers and cut the rest of their wages by 30%. Crowd members attending debs speech set fires to nearby buildings and derailed a train. boycott of of all trains with pullman cars. This strike effectively halted rail traffic and commerce in 27 different states.

Bimetallism

Introduced blank in the ratio of 16 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold, or 16:1 ratio → gold becomes more valuable & is bought up by J.P. Morgan & European bankers (like the Rothschilds)

William Jennings Bryant Cross of Gold Speech

9 July 1896: WJB preached the dangers of a singlebased currency Called the gold standard a “cross of gold” in that it would end up crucifying hard-working Americans

Ida Wells

Journalist who advocated against lynching, advocated for blacks, women and equality. -Investigative journalism, publishing reports like “Southern Horrors” and the “The Red Record”, which documented the frequent brutality of lynchings. -Wells used her paper to campaign against the growing number of lynchings

W.E.B Du Bois

• BA from Fisk university

• First African American to earn a PhD from Harvard

• Taught at Atlanta University, produced many academic works including “Philadelphia Negro”.First case study of a Black community in the U.S.

• Published the “Souls of Black Folk” as a response to Washington's “Up from Slavery

• Organized the Niagara movement, pan africanism movement, and NAACP.

• Lost, running for NY Senate but joined the communist party and moved to Ghana

Booker T. Washington

• Educator and orator

• Taught blacks and former slaves how to be valuable at to the community at Hampton Institute

• “Atlanta compromise”

• Wrote autobiography which influenced African americans to accept their unequal position in society (secretly funded civil rights cases)

• Washington was willing to trade civil and voting rights for economic rights and Du Bois wasn’t

Whiskey Ring

Multiple parties involved. There's this post war excise tax on whiskey and the distillers , tax collectors, distributors, and the government officials who know that this is all going on are the ring.

Mugwumps

Republican activists in the U.S opposed to political corruption

Election of 1896

William Mckinley Rep led a “front porch campaign. Brought people to his house via RR. Spent larger sums on his campaign. Willaim Bryan Dem/populist led a “whistle stop” campaign across the country (stopped at many different railroad towns.) bimetallist. Populist lost the election and led to their decline.

Free Silver

(use of silver coins to cause inflation)

Panic of 1893

Causes: RR expanded faster than the market needed → Some RRs went bankrupt → Stock market collapsed → Banks stopped loaning $ and called in loans 2. Farmers had already borrowed too much 3. Businesses sold too much “on credit

Effects: -15,000 businesses collapse -156 RR companies bankrupt -600 banks are forced to shut down -Govt revenue decreases -Gold reserves drop severely

Industrial Workers of the World

Organized workers by industry. William Hay wood. Unskilled workers ,immigrants, women, non whites. Succeeded in organizing all groups of workers. Internal conflict dividision between 2 groups. They wanted to create one big union.