PSY 1410 Dr. Davis MTSU test 2 Ch 4-6

_________: focuses light rays in the retina

Lens

When you use visual imagery to encode words, you end up with two different mental ____________ for the items—a visual one and a verbal one

placeholders

Participants who expected to be tested on a list of word pairs recalled more after ____________ compared to an equivalent period of ____________.

sleep

wakefulness

Retrieval Can ____________ Subsequent Memory

impair

Research has shown that imagining past events (i.e., through psychotherapy) and hypnosis can help to create ____________ ____________

false memories

When taking a multiple choice test, say the __________________to yourself ___________________________looking at the options

answer

before

Sensory Adaption: gradual decline in sensitivity due to ____________________ ___________________

prolonged stimulation

Just Noticeable Difference(JND): the ______________ _________________ in a stimulus that can barely be detected

minimal change

______________ cues: use both eyes

binocular

Binocular

_________________ _________________- each eye has a slightly different angle

Retinal Disparity

Muller-________________ illusion: Due to experience with ____________________

Lyer

corners

____________ effect: recall words at the end of a list better; due to recall from STM

Recency

Place information into a ____________ context (kite example)

meaningful

____________ amnesia: the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store (can't remember new information)

Anterograde

Don't __________ the exam

rush

____________: people abruptly enter REM sleep from waking state

Narcolepsy

Sleep ____________: is when people briefly stop breathing during sleeping

Apnea

____________ ____________ can lead to fatigue, irritability, inattention, and decreased immune system functioning.

Sleep Deprivation

Dreams seem unplanned and rambling due to less activity in the ____________ ____________ during REM sleep, which is usually associated with planning and executive functioning

prefrontal lobe

_____________ - the detection of a physical stimulus, such as light

sensation

______________ - the organization and interpretation of sensory input

perception

______________- how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

psychophysics

Absolute Threshold: minimum amount of stimulation you can detect ____ % of the time

50

Weber's Law: the JND of a stimulus is a __________________ _________________ despite variations in intensity

constant proportion

Research has found that when attention is directed to _________________, activity in ________________ areas decrease

audition

visual

This suggests that laws requiring hands free phones may have ____________ effect on reducing car accidents

little

Light: light wave height (____________) determines the ________________ of light; wavelength/frequency determines the ______________

amplitude

brightness

color

Pupil: opening in the __________ of the eye; constricts & dilates

center

Retina: contains the ______________ for vision (the rods and cones)

receptors

_____________ are for night and peripheral vision; located in the ______________ of the retina

Rods

periphery

______________ are for daytime vision and color; provide more "sharpness" in vision than rods; located in the _____________ of the retina

Cones

center

_________________ theory: 3 types of cones -- one sensitive to blue wavelengths (short), one to red (long), & one to green (medium)

Trichromatic

______________ _______________ Theory: three systems -- RED/GREEN

YELLOW/BLUE

BLACK/WHITE

Opponent process

When stimulation is equal in a pair, you see ___________; when stimulation is equal in all three systems you see ___________

grey

white

Area V1: the part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary ________________ ____________________

visual cortex

Neurons in the visual cortex, known as "feature detectors" selectively respond to _______________ and ______________ in specific orientations in space (0^0, 45^0,90^0)

bars

edges

__________ Principles: the whole can be greater than the parts

Gestal

___________ and ___________: people divide visual info into the thing being looked at and the background

figure

ground

__________________- elements that are close together are grouped together

proximity

_______________- viewers mentally supply __________ pieces to complete a familiar picture

closure

complete

___________________- similar objects are grouped together

similarity

___________________- viewers try to organize elements in the simplest way possible

simplicity

_________________ _________________: making a guess about the form based on a pattern of stimulation

Perceptual Hypothesis

Binocular

_______________- the closer two objects are cause your eyes to cross

Convergence

__________________ cues: use one eye

Monocular

Monocular

_______________ _____________ - converging lines

Linear Prospective

Monocular

_______________ ________________- texture appears more compact and less detailed as distance increases

Texture Gradient

Optical illusions: A discrepancy between the _______________________ of a stimulus and _____________

Between

Reality

___________________ motion: Perception of movement as a result of altering signals appering in rapid succession in different locations

Apparent

Change Blindness: when people fail to detect changes in ______________ _______________ of a scene

visual details

Inattentional Blindness: a failure to perceive objects that are not the _____________ of attention

focus

Most research on inattentional blindness has focused on _____________ cultures

western

Recent research has found that Japanese students detected more changes to ________________ ______________ than did American students, and that American students detected more changes to _____________ _________ than Japanese students.

contextual information

focal information

Sound: hight of wave (amplitude) is _________________; wavelenth/frequency is _______________

loudness

pitch

How loud is too loud?

Over 85 decibels

External Parts of the Ear

1. ____________ - the sound collecting cone

2. Eardrum - _________ that vibrates as sound waves hit it

3. Sound is conducted through ___________ of air

1. Pinna

2. Memebrane

3. Vibrations

Middle Ear: 3 tiny bones - hammer, __________, stirrup

anvil

Inner Ear

1. ____________: fluid filler, coiled tunnel that contains receptors for ___________ (snail)

2. Basilar Membrane: in the cochlea; holds the _________________ _____________

1. Cochlea, hearing

2.Hair Cells

1. _______________ ____________: convert physical stimuli into neural impluses sent to brian

2. Sound conducted through waves in ________________

1. Hair Cells

2. Fluid

Conductive Hearing Loss: arises because the ______________ or ______________ are damaged to the point that they cannot conduct sound waves effectively to the cochlea

Eardrum

Ossicles

Conductive Hearing Loss may be addressed with medication, surgery, or a _______________ _________________.

Hearing Aid

Sensorineural Hearing Loss: is caused by damage to the ______________, hair cells, or the auditory nerve after regual exposure to high noise levels.

Cochlea

Sensorineural Hearing Loss may be addressed with a _______________ ___________.

Cochlear Implant

A recent experiment has demonstrated that 8-year-old children introduced to 6 months of musical training had changes in their brains' electrical responses to ____________ and ____________ stimuli, which were correlated with enhanced performance of the perception of these stimuli.

Musical

Speech

More recent musical training studies indicate that these neural changes _____________ into ______________.

persists

adulthood

Although pain is unpleasant, it is important for ____________.

Survival

____________ pain: occurs when sensory information from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord.

Referred

____________-____________ theory of pain: holds that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or ____________, by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions (e.g., rubbing a stubbed toe, endorphins).

Gate-Control

gated

____________-____________ control: Senses feeding information to the brain

Bottom-Up

____________-____________ control: The brain exerting control over what we sense.

Top-Down

____________ ____________: the three fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear; important for maintaining ____________.

Vestibular System

balance

____________ receptor neurons (ORNs): receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell.

Olfactory

____________ ____________: brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobe; sends outputs to centers of the brain responsible for basic drives, emotions, and memories

Olfactory Bulb

Pheromones: biochemical odorants emitted by other members of a species that can affect an animal's ____________ or ____________

behavior

physiology

____________: the thousands of "small bumps" that cover the tongue

Papillae

____________ ____________: the organ of taste transduction.

Taste Buds

____________: how information gets into memory

Encoding

____________: how information is maintained (stored) in memory

Storage

____________: how information is pulled out of (retrieved from) memory

Retrieval

____________ Memory: preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time

Sensory

____________ memory last ¼ to 1 second

Iconic (Visual)

Auditory memory lasts ___ to ___ seconds

2 to 4

Capacity (i.e. how much can be stored): ___ +/- ___ (___ to ___ chunks)

7 +/- 2

5 to 9

Chunk: a group of familiar ____________ stored as a single unit

stimulus

(STM)

Duration is ___ to ___ seconds without rehearsal

20 to 30

_____________ is repeatedly verbalizing ir thinking about the information

Rehearsal

(LTM)

Duration (i.e. how long we store it) is possibly ____________

forever

____________ Memories - vivid memories of what we were doing at the time of an emotion-provoking event (where were you doing during 9/11?)

Flashbulb

____________ memory is for actions and skills (ex: how to ride a bike, ski, etc.)

Procedural

Declarative memory is memory for ______________ (two types)

Facts

Semantic memory is for ____________ facts (ex. who is the president)

General

Episodic memory is for ____________ facts (ex. first kiss)

Personal

Craik and ____________ Study: manipulated the depth of processing by varying types of ____________ subjects had to answer about each word on a list

Talving

questions

The ____________ we process information, the better our LTM

deeper

____________ Processing: emphasizes meaning (deeper processing)

Semantic

Serial ____________ effects: better recall for words at the beginning and end than in the middle

position

____________ effect: recall words at the beginning of a list better; effect due to repetition of first few words in the list

Primary

____________: linking stimulus to other information at the time of encoding (example: applying classical conditioning to your own fear of spiders)

Elaboration

Mnemonics are ____________ and ____________ for memory (example: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally = Parenthesis Exponents Multiplication Division Addition and Subtraction, for the order of operations in math)

strategies

tricks

____________ specific memory: put yourself in the same context as when you learned the information (example: scuba divers)

Context