Drugs Used to Alter the GI Tract

What precautions should be taken when using mineral oil as a laxative?

Avoid taking mineral oil within 2 hours of meals and be cautious of aspiration into the lungs.

How do absorbents like kaolin work in the treatment of diarrhea?

Absorbents work by binding to water and toxins to form a viscous solution.

How long do phenolphthalein and bisacodyl take to produce an effect?

They typically take about 6 to 8 hours to act.

What is the BRAT diet and why is it recommended for diarrhea management?

The BRAT diet (Banana, Rice, Apple, Toast) is bland and helps firm stools during diarrhea recovery.

What role do opiates play in managing diarrhea?

Opiates decrease smooth muscle activity, slowing down intestinal transit.

What types of medications can disrupt normal GI function?

Medications like opiates and antibacterials can disrupt normal GI function.

What are the mechanisms of action for irritant/stimulant laxatives?

Irritant/stimulant laxatives promote water retention and stimulate intestinal motility.

What plant-derived substances are used as irritant laxatives?

Cascara and senna are examples of plant-derived irritant laxatives.

How does health status influence GI tract function?

Health status, including diseases and infections, can impair GI function and cause issues like constipation or diarrhea.

What is the mechanism through which bulk laxatives promote bowel movements?

Bulk laxatives promote bowel movements by drawing water into the colon through osmosis.

What are some common triggers for vomiting?

Triggers include vertigo, food poisoning, strong sights, smells, and certain drugs.

How is constipation defined in terms of bowel movement frequency?

Constipation is typically defined as fewer than three bowel movements per week.

In what ways can diet and nutrition affect the functionality of the GI tract?

Diet affects GI function through fiber intake, hydration, and the presence of irritants like spicy foods.

What are some examples of hydrophilic colloids used as bulk laxatives?

Examples include psyllium (Metamucil) and other dietary fibers.

How does diphenoxylate discourage drug abuse despite being an opiate?

Diphenoxylate is combined with atropine to discourage misuse by causing unpleasant side effects if abused.

What do fecal softeners do to the contents of the bowel?

Fecal softeners increase the water content of feces to facilitate easier bowel movements.

What are non-absorbable salts and their role in bowel regulation?

Non-absorbable salts like MgSO4 and Na2PO4 draw water into the colon to promote bowel movements.

How can diarrhea lead to dehydration and nutrient loss?

Diarrhea can cause rapid fluid loss, leading to dehydration and decreased absorption of nutrients.

What are the three classes of anti-diarrheal treatments?

The three classes are absorbents, opiates, and electrolyte/fluid replenishers.

How can lactobacillus acidophilus help with diarrhea?

Lactobacillus acidophilus can help restore intestinal flora and reduce the duration of diarrhea.

What role does fiber play in stool softness?

Fiber increases stool water content, resulting in softer stools and easier passage.

Why is castor oil classified as an irritant laxative and how long does it take to act?

Castor oil irritates the intestinal lining and generally takes 4 to 6 hours to produce an effect.

What are the hallmarks of normal gastrointestinal (GI) function?

Normal GI function includes regular bowel movements, proper digestion, and nutrient absorption.

What regimen can be recommended to prevent constipation?

A regimen including hydration, regular exercise, and a balanced diet can prevent constipation.

What are some potential complications of diarrhea and its causes?

Complications include dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and nutrient loss. Causes may be infections or certain foods.

How are laxatives classified and what are the three main categories?

Laxatives are classified into bulk laxatives/saline cathartics, irritant/stimulants, and fecal softeners.

What are the key components of docusate salts used as fecal softeners?

Docusate salts include sodium and calcium formulations like Colace and Surfak.

What are some common adverse effects of GI medications?

Adverse effects can include constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and dehydration.

What are the mechanisms of action (MOAs) of various drugs affecting the GI tract?

MOAs vary by drug type, including stimulating motility or altering fluid retention in the intestines.

How long does it typically take for bulk laxatives to act?

Bulk laxatives generally take about 1 to 3 days to act.

How does H. pylori enter the digestive system?

Through contaminated food or water.

What effect does H. pylori have on the stomach lining?

It attacks the lining and can cause gastritis and cancer.

Why doesnt the stomach digest itself despite the presence of strong acids?

Because of a protective mucous layer produced by specialized cells.

How do PPIs work to reduce gastric acid secretion?

By inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme at the parietal cells surface.

How can NSAIDs affect mucous production in the stomach?

They can inhibit/interfere with mucous production, leading to adverse effects.

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) for H2 antagonists?

They inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking histamine receptors.

Can PPIs be obtained without a prescription?

Yes, they are available OTC.

What role does the stomach play in digestion?

It breaks down protein/peptides into amino acids.

What misconceptions about the cause of ulcers are mentioned in the material?

That they are caused by eating spicy food, drinking too much coffee, or stress.

What substances are responsible for the digestion process?

Various enzymes and acids.

Can H2 antagonists be purchased over the counter (OTC)?

Yes, they can be obtained OTC.

What types of nutrients are provided by the digestive system?

Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins.

What are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

Drugs that reduce gastric acid secretion.

What symptoms are commonly associated with peptic ulcers?

Burning (heart burn), pain, nausea/vomiting, bloating/gas.

What is the normal pH range of the stomach, and why is it important?

The pH ranges from 1 to 2, which is important for activating digestive enzymes.

Which specialized cells are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?

Parietal cells.

What is the typical pH change achieved by antacids?

Elevating stomach pH from 1-2 to around 4.

What are examples of OTC proton pump inhibitors?

Omeprazole (Prilosec®), Lansoprazole (Prevacid®), Pantoprazole (Protonix®).

What is the main cause of peptic ulcers listed in the material?

Infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

What is the total length of the human digestive system?

Approximately 30 feet (from end to end).

What is the composition of the protective mucus in the stomach?

Enzymes, proteins, and inorganic salts.

What is the primary purpose of the digestive system?

To supply nutrients to support life.

What class of drugs are H2 antagonists/blockers?

Antihistamines.

How do antacids work to alleviate gastric acidity?

They neutralize stomach acid.

What is a peptic or gastric ulcer?

A wound or sore that develops in the stomach lining.

How do nutrients support life in the human body?

They provide essential proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and minerals/vitamins.

Where does the digestion process begin in the human body?

In the mouth.

What type of cells produce the protective mucous layer in the stomach?

Foveolar cells.

Where can ulcers develop within the digestive tract?

In the stomach, esophagus, or upper small intestine.

What are some examples of OTC H2 antagonists?

Cimetidine (Tagamet®), Ranitidine (Zantac®), Famotidine (Pepcid®).