Chemistry - Chapter 1: Matter and Change

Chemistry

Chemistry

the study of composition, structure, and properties of matter

Organic Chemistry

The study of most carbon-containing compounds

Inorganic chemistry

The study of non-organic substances

Physical chemistry

the study of the properties and changes of matter

Analytical chemistry

the identification of the components and composition of materials

Biochemistry

The study of substances and processes occuring in living things

Theoretical chemistry

The use of mathematics and computers to understand the observed chemical behavior

Chemical

Any substance that has a definite composition

Basic Research

To gain knowledge

Applied Research

Used to solve a specific problem

Technological Development

The use of technology to improve our quality of life

Mass

the measure of the amount of matter without gravitational pull

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Volume

Amount of three dimensional space an object occupies

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom

Compound

A substance that can be broken down until simple, stable substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded

Extensive Properties

Depend on the amount of matter that is present

Intensive properties

Do not depend on the amount of the matter present

Physical Property

A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance

Physical change

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance

Change of State

A physical change of a substance from one state to another

Solid

has definite volume and definite shape

Liquid

Has definite volume and indefinite shape

Gas

Has indefinite volume and indefinite shape

Plasma

a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons, particles that make up atoms

Chemical Property

A substance’s ability to undergo changes that transforms it into different substances

Chemical Change

A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances

Reactants

Substances that react in a chemical change

Products

Substances that are formed by the chemical change

Mixture

A blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties

Homogeneous

uniform in composition(known as solutions)

Heterogeneous

not uniform throughout

Pure substances

has a fixed composition & differs from a mixture

Groups

The vertical columns of the periodic table(known as families)

Periods

The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table

Metal

an element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor

Malleability

Can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets

Ductile

Can be drawn into a fine wire

Tensile strength

Ability to resist breaking when pulled

Nonmetal

An element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity

Metalloid

An element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals

Example of an intensive property

The density of an object

Example of a homogeneous mixture

substances dissolved in water(sugar water)

Example of a physical change

Ripped paper

Equation for Celsius

C = K -273

Equation for Kelvin

K = C + 273

Equation for Fahrenheit

F = 9/5(C) + 32

Equation for Celsius Using Fahrenheit

C = 5/9(F - 32)

Examples of Extensive Property

volume, mass, energy in a substance

Examples of Intensive Property

Melting point, boiling point, density, ability to conduct electricity

Example of a chemical change

Burning paper