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Conception
Stage of life that includes, cell division, gametogenesis, conception, fertilization, and implantation.
Dizygotic Twins
Twins that result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm. They are genetically unique, just like regular siblings, and can be of the same or different sexes. They do not share identical DNA and may have different physical traits.
Monozygotic Twins
Twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two embryos. They share the same genetic material, making them genetically identical, and are always of the same sex. Often have very similar physical characteristics.
Multipara
woman who has completed two or more pregnancies to 20 weeks’ gestation or more
Nulligravida
woman who has never been pregnant.
Nulipara
woman who has not completed a pregnancy with fetus or fetuses beyond 20 weeks of gestation.
Parity
number of pregnancies in which fetus or fetuses have reached 20 weeks of gestation, not number of fetuses (e.g., twins) born. Not affected by whether the fetus is born alive or is stillborn (i.e., showing no signs of life at birth).
Primigravida
Women who is pregnant for the first time.
Primipara
woman who has completed one pregnancy with fetus or fetuses who have reached 20 weeks of gestation.
Term
pregnancy from beginning of week 37 of gestation to end of week 40 plus 6 days of gestation.
Viability
capacity to live outside the uterus; about 22 to 25 weeks of gestation.
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Earliest biochemical marker of pregnancy; pregnancy tests based on detection of hormone.
First Trimester
Weeks 1 through 13 in pregnancy.
Second Trimester
Weeks 14 through 26 in pregnancy.
Third Trimester
Weeks 27 through to term in pregnancy.
Nagele’s Rule
Determine first day of last menstrual period, subtract three months, then add seven days and one year.
15-20
During pregnancy, a women’s heart rate will increase by __-__ bpm, and well as their cardiac output.
Venous Congestion
can develop into varicosities. Commonly noted in the legs, vulva and rectum (hemorrhoids). Varicosities occur in 40% of pregnancies because of the weight of the uterus partially compresses the veins that return blood from the legs and estrogen causes the elastic tissue to become more fragile.
Unchanged
Oxygen use increases by 15-20%, with deeper breaths being taken. However, the respiratory rate usually remains _____.
Fluid Retention
A sudden, rapid weight gain in pregnancy may indicate ____ _____.
HCG
Hormone responsible for maintaining production of estrogen and progesterone until placenta takes over function.
Progesterone
Hormone responsible for suppressing secretion of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary, maintains pregnancy by relaxing the smooth muscles, decreasing uterine contractability.
Estrogen
Suppresses secretion of FSH and LH by anterior pituitary; causes fat to deposit in subcutaneous tissues over the maternal back, abdomen, and upper thighs; promotes enlargement of breast, uterus, and genitals.
Serum Prolactin
Hormone that prepares breasts for lactation.
Oxytocin
Hormone that stimulates uterine contraction, release of milk from breasts.
Human Placental Lactogen
Produced in placenta and acts as a growth hormone, contributes to breast development, decreases maternal metabolism of glucose, increases amount of fatty acids for metabolic needs.
Braxton Hicks Contractions
Irregular, usually painless uterine contractions that can occur throughout pregnancy, often starting in the second or third trimester. Do not lead to labor.
Hegar’s Sign
Compressibility and softening of the isthmus
Chadwick’s Sign
Estrogen causes the cervix to become congested with blood, resulting in the characteristic bluish purple color that extends to include the vagina and labia.
Goodell’s Sign
Collagen fibers in the connective tissue of the cervix decrease, causing the cervix to soften.
Ovaries
After conception, the major function of the _____ is to secrete progesterone for the first 6-7 weeks. The placenta takes over this role once developed.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Edema involving the peripheral nerves may result in ____ _____ ____ during the last trimester.
Dorsolumbar Lordosis
______ _____, a physiological change in spinal curvature, may cause pain due to traction of nerves or compression of nerve roots.
Uterus
Compression of the pelvic nerves (vascular stasis), caused by the enlargement of the ____, may result in sensory changes in the legs.
Acroesthesia
(numbness and tingling of the hands) is caused by the stoop-shouldered stance assumed by some patients during pregnancy. The condition is associated with traction on segments of the brachial plexus.
Tension headache
is common when anxiety or uncertainty complicates pregnancy. However, vision problems such as refractive errors, sinusitis, or migraine may also be responsible for headaches.
Faintness
_______ , and even syncope (fainting) are common during early pregnancy. Vasomotor instability, postural hypotension, or hypoglycemia may be responsible.
Hypocalcemia
can cause neuromuscular problems such as muscle cramps or tetany.
Estrogen
Tenderness in the gums leading to bleeding and gingivitis can be attributed to increased levels of _____.
Ptyalism
excessive salivation that can be experienced during pregnancy.
Progesterone
elevated levels of _______ relax all smooth muscle, decreasing GI tone and motility. The stomach and small intestine take longer to empty and nutrients take longer to be absorbed.
Heartburn
a serious problem only if it discourages pregnant women from eating. Relief from _______ is often
achieved through simple dietary and lifestyle changes. Caused by gastric reflux from enlarged uterus.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, leading to dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. Often requires hospitalization.
Rubin’s Theory of Maternal Adaptation
Theory that describes the psychological and emotional process a mother undergoes during pregnancy and postpartum. It includes four key stages:
Ensuring safe passage for herself and the baby.
Seeking acceptance of the baby by others.
Binding-in with the unborn child.
Giving of oneself to the baby as a mother.
12.5-18
A woman with a BMI of <18.5 should expect to gain __-__ kg
11.5-16
A woman with a BMI of 18.5-24.9 should expect to gain __-__ kg
7-11.5
A woman with a BMI of 25-29.9 should expect to gain __-__kg
5-9
A woman with a BMI > 30 should expect to gain __-__ kg
300
The caloric need increases by approximately ___
Multiple Marker Screening
Most common prenatal screening. Looks at hCG, estriol, inhibition A). Increases the detection of trisomy 18 & Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
and neural tube defects. Detection rate of 75% with 5% false pos.
Ultrasonography
Technique for visualizing deep structures of the body by recording the reflections (echoes) of sound waves directed in the tissue.
• Safe, non-invasive and relatively comfortable.
• Not reliable to identify every fetal structural defects (especially those that do not affect the body structures).
Amniocentesis
Aspiration of the amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac for examination. Performed rarely in first trimester due to risk to fetus. Performed in second trimester to detect genetic abnormality. Performed in third to determine fetal lung maturity, reduction of amniotic fluid.
Chorionic Villi
microscopic projections from the outer chorion that develop into endometrial tissue as the placenta is formed.
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Sampling of the chorionic villi that can be used earlier than amniocentesis, preferred technique before 15 weeks gestation.
• Used for dx of fetal chromosomal, metabolic or DNA abn.
• High risk women only.
• Can be used to identify the Rh type of a fetus at risk for complications
because of maternal isoimmunization.
Non-Stress Test
The goal of the ____ _____ is to evaluate the ability of the fetal heart to accelerate with fetal movement.
• Accelerations of the FHR r/t adequate oxygenation
• Assesses the fetal CNS
