AP World History Chapter 35 Study Guide - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America

What was the Indian National Congress (INC) and why was it founded?

Association dedicated to struggle against British Rule

Greatest and most influential of those was INC

Founded as they wanted collaboration w/ British to bring self-rule to India,

How did INC mission change after WWI?  

after WWI, they pursued the same goal of self-rule but with OPPOSITION to British instead of collaboration

What were the goals of the Muslim League?  How did it differ from the INC?

Movement of National liberation.

Muslim league members were different as they worried Hindu oppression and subjugation of India’s Muslim minority might replace British rule.

What was the status of India within the British Empire after World War I? What were some of the sources of tension in India at this time?

The war led to scarcities of food and goods

Social discontent against the British colonizers

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen points called for national self-determination, and Lenin’s appeal of a united struggle inspired nationalist activity within India.

Define Ahimsa and Satyagraha. How and why did Ghandi embrace these ideas?

Ahimsa: Tolerance and nonviolence, Gandhi’s moral philosophy

Satyagraha: Gandhi’s passive resistance technique.. Truth and firmness

He believed these ideas because of his stay in South Africa, as well as his Hindu and Jainism of his parents

Who Mohandas “Mahatma” Gandhi? Describe his return to India and entry into politics.

(1869-1948)

Remarkable and charismatic leader in India in 20th century

Studied law in London, and went to South Africa to work with an Indian firm
… organized local Indian community against racist systems.

With his virtues, he came back to India in 1915, and became active in Indian politics…

Transformed INC → Mass organization that became effective instrument of Indian nationalism

… Motivated and appealed to many Indians and achieved the stature of political and spiritual leader

Who were the Harijans? In what ways did Gandhi advocate for the Harijans? 

Gandhi’s title for the “untouchable” caste.

It means “children of God.”

He fought hard to improve the status of the lowest classes of society, and determined to eradicate the injustices of the caste system

What occurred at the Amritsar Massacre?  How did this shape Indian opinions of the British?

Colonial British troops freely used rifles to disperse an unarmed crowd, killed 379

What was the India Act of 1937?

British Act, gave India the institutions of a self-governing state.

Allowed for establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in provinces of British India, creation of bicameral national legislature, formation of executive arm under control of British gov’t

Approved with encouragement of Gandhi

1. Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?  What plan did Jinnah propose for Indian Independence?  Why?

Lawyer who headed the Muslim league

He warned that unified India represented a threat to the Muslim faith of India

He proposed two states… Pakistan and India

Reflected the split and hostil.ity between Hindus and Muslims

Describe the rise of nationalist sentiments in China after World War I.   How did the Treaty of Versailles let the Chinese down?  

Nationalist sentiment developed rapidly in China

With Treaty of Versailles, Peacemakers did not approve Chinese sovereignty, instead increasing Japanese interference in China.

How did disillusionment lead to the rise of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Mao Zedong?

Disillusioned by self-interest of US and European powers, some Chinese became interested in Marxist and Leninist thought

—> May Fourth Movement by students and intellcutals 

Anti-imperialist thought → CCP organized in 1921. 

Mao Zedong saw Marxist-inspired revolution as a cure for China’s problem.

Chinese Communists championed Communist thought, as well as extending to women’s rights

Who was Sun Yat Sen? What were his goals/priorities for China?

Another prominent leader at the time of CCP revolution… led Nationalist Party

He was not on the same page as the Communists.

He created Three Principles of the People…

Called for elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic dvlpmt, and democratic republican government based on universal suffrage.

He wanted to take country under control of Nationalist People’s Party… Guomindang… 

What were SunYat Sen’s Three Principles of the People?

Nationalism, democracy, and people’s livlihood.

elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic dvlpmt, and democratic republican government based on universal suffrage.

What was the Guomindang?

Nationalist People’s Party… made by Sun Yat Sen

Party designed to help realize his goals

AKA Kuomintang.. KMT

Who was Chaing Kai Shek/Jiang Jeishi?  What were his goals/priorities for China?

Leader of Guomindang after Sun Yatsen’s death

He was a general who was trained in Japan&Soviet Union… did not hold a vision for social revolution

He wanted to unify nation and bring China under Guomindang rule thru military and political offensive

What were some of the global crises that Jieshi had to face while in control of the Nationalists?

NOT the great depression

Nationalists only controlled parts of China, leavinig remainder of coutnry in hands of warlords

Communist revolution was still a major threat

Increasing Japanese agression

Nationalists and the Communists. What values and interests did each represent? What advantages did each have?

Nationalists wanted nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood (socialism, where the poor benefit)

CCP wanted to rid China of imperialism and reestablish National Unity. Dictatorship of the proletariat and the triumph of communism. Equal classless society.

Nationalists backed by US, CCP backed by Soviet Union

Nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi/ Chiang Kai-shek, CCP led by Mao Zedong

Who was Mao Zedong?  How did he rise to power in China?

Former teacher, viewed Marxist-inspired revolution as a cure for China’s problem

Rose to power as leader of CCP during events such as Long March

His ideology of Maoism was approved by many Chinese.

How did Mao Zedong gain support through the Chinese Civil War?

During the Red Army’s “Long March”, many Chinese were inspired to join Communist party
… —> Mao Zedong emerged as leader, creating Maoism as an ideology…

… Believed the people of the village were the proletariat thus critical in a country where most people were peasants

What was the “Long March”? How did it increase support for the Communist party?

After forced to retreat Jiangxi due to nationalist forces, 85k troops of Red Army marched 10k km and arrived in northwestern China, establishing headquarters at Ya’an.

Many Chinese were inspired to join Communist Party

Describe Japan after World War I.  

After WW1, Japan got great power status… appeared to accept international status quo that major powers made after war.

Became a “big 5” power in League of Nations…. Made international agreements to improve relations among countries 

Economy boosted, due to limited involvement, but short lived… Postwar economy long term = inflation and labor unrest, recessions.

Social unrest and radical politics

Two political factions dominated Japanese politics after World War I: the internationalists and the militarists. What values and interests did each represent? What advantages did each have?

Internationalists: wanted international industrial-capitalist system

Their support undermined due to depression postwar

Militarist: wanted self-sufficient japan that would dominate east asia

Able to benefit from Japanese traditions

Describe the Mukden Incident?

Japanese troops explode few feet of rail on Japanese-built South Manchuria Railway, north of Mukden

They accused Chinese of attacking their railroad

→ pretext for war between Japanese and Chinese

By 1932, Japanese troops controlled all of Manchuria, like the Militarist goals wanted

What was “Manchukuo”?

Japanese puppet state…  After Japanese controlled all of Manchuria, they established the puppet state

In reality, it wasn’t a puppet state and instead they absorbed Manchuria into it’s empire and challenged the international peace system

To what extent was the continent of Africa transformed by the Great War? What circumstances caused changes to occur and what was the nature of those changes?

Profound impact

Colonial powers ruling over parts of Africa had colonies take sides in the war.

~1mil African soldiers participated in military campaigns… soldiers, carriers, etc

~150k African soldiers and carriers died, many more injured or disabled

 What factors caused Africans to challenge European authority during the Great War? 

European commercal and administirative personnel began to leave colonies in large numbers… → Thin European presence.

Africans took opportunity to stage armed uprisings and other forms of protest.

What was the Mumbo Cult and what did they do in Kenya?

Kenyan group.

Targeted Europeans and Christian relgion… declared that Europeans would eventually all leave their country.

What key investments in infrastructure were made across Africa?

New colonial economy →  port facilities, roads, railways, telegraph wires

What were the cash crops from Africa heading into the international marketplace? (list crop and country of origin)

Peanuts - Senegal & Nigeria

Rubber - Congo

Cocoa - Gold Coast

Palm Oil - Ivory Coast

What is settler agriculture?  Where was this commonly practiced?

Production of agricultural commodities intended for overseas markets remain in the hands of white settlers

Most prominent form of agriculture in areas with extensive white settlement

e.g. South Africa reserved 88% of all land for whites, who made up just 20% of total populatkon

Describe the labor practices in Africa (taxation and forced labor).

Taxation failed to create a malleable native labor force

Colonial officials resorted to outright forced labor

Forms of forced labor and ESSENTAILLY slavery were prominent features

Many African laborers died due to harsh treatment

Describe the African “new elite.”

 African social class…

Derived its status and place in society from employment and education

High-ranking civil servants, physicians, lawyers, and writers… most studied abroad in West

“Africans who spoke and understood the language of the colonizer, moved with ease in the world of the colonizer, and adopted cultural norms of the colonizer.”

What were the goals of Pan Africanism?

Unity of all people of African descent, and the elimination of white supremacy along with colonialism in Africa

Who was Marcus Garvey and why is he important to African moves towards independence?

Jamaican nationalist leader… Preached black pride and called on black people to go “Back to Africa”

Created UNIA, aimed to to achieve Black Nationalism through the celebration of African history and culture.

Who was Jomo Kenyatta?  Why is he significant?

One of the Africa “new elite”

Spent 15 years in Europe as a student and was a very articulate nationalist

Later led Kenya to independence from the British

Define neocolonialism and how did it impact Latin American nations?

the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries.

In Latin America, even though they gained independence in 19th century, most sovereign nations in Latin America struggled to have political and economic stability as foreign powers intervened.

How did the Great War and Russian Revolution inspire Latin American nations? What future leaders embraced the ideas of communism?

These events spread radical ideas and the promise of new political possibilities.

Leaders such as Fidel Castro and Jose Carlos Mariategui embraced these ideas.

Who was Jose Carlos Mariategui?  What did he advocate for in Peru?

Young Marxist intellectual

Felt concern for poor and Indians 

Advocated  for helping the downtrodden, writing and rallying in support for laborers.

Helped create Peruvian Communist Party before he died

Who was Diego Rivera? How did his artistic pieces critique international policies in Latin America?

Mexican artist

Influenced by Renaissance artists and cubists, experienced turmoil and shifting politics during Great War and it’s aftermath

His painting Imperialism visualized US neocolonialism concerns in Latin America…. Economic interference and political repressiveness

What was Dollar Diplomacy or Yankee Imperialism?  How did this shift prior US policy in Latin America?

Essentially the practice of promising American financial support, either through federal loans or private business participation, in other countrie

Change from “dollar for bullets” to “dollar diplomacy” … European investments → U.S investments,

Explain the role of the United States and the financial interests of U.S. businesses in the evolution of economic imperialism in Latin America?

the major evolution was the economic neo-colonialism and the dominance of the United States in the Latin American economy

Investments in Latin America soared in 1920s. More U.S Banks and businesses invested. Most went toward takeover of natural resource businesses

Corporations built, infrastructure built, in Latin America

Latin America in the early 20th Century was considered an export oriented economy.  How did the Great Depression impact the export oriented economies of Latin America?  What goods/exports were hardest hit?

The Great Depression showcased the weaknesses of export-oriented economies in latin america.

Halted 50 years of economic growth, illustrated regions susceptibility to global economic crises.

Agricultural products (sugar, coffee, wheat and beef) and  raw materials (tin, nitrates)

What was the Good Neighbor policy?  How did this again shift US policy and intervention in Latin America?

Revamped U.S. approach to relations with Latin America. Closely associated with FDR

Things such as “sweetheart treaties” guaranteeing U.S financial control in Caribbean economies, and national guard training (less expensive than marines)

Who was Augusto Cesar Sandino?  How did he become a martyr in Nicaragua?

Leading opposition to Nicaraguan conservatives and occupation of Nicaragua by marines.

nationalist and liberal general, refusing to accept peace settlement that allowed Marine occupation.

Became Marytyr after he died fighting the U.S and it’s policies

Who was Lazaro Cardenas?  Described the conflict he faced with the nationalization of the oil industry?

Mexican President

nationalized the oil industry, much of which was controlled by foreign investors from US or UK

US and UK were reluctant and, and eventually his nationalization proved popular w/ Mexican people

Looking at the careers of artist Diego Rivera and entertainer Carmen Miranda, discuss how popular culture related to international politics and diplomacy between the United States and Latin America during the decades after the Great War.

Carmen Miranda was Latin American singer and dancer. Her interpretation softened represtations of Latin Americans … less threatening to Americans

Diego Rivera’s art displayed the Mexican sentiments within America, and it represented their culture and heritage.

Both of these people spread Latin American culture into America, ultimately creating more unity and connection between the two.