cardiovascular systems

blood & heart

label (differentiate b/w semilunar valves)

semilunar valves —> right (side of heart): pulmonary valve, left: aortic valve

components that make up blood (& %)

1. plasma (55%)

2. buffy coat AKA white blood cells & platelets (1%)

3. red blood cells (44%)

plasma

• made of 90% water

• transports blood cells & chemicals (nutrients, hormones, and waste) throughout body

white blood cells

immune defense (produce antigens)

red blood cells

transport oxygen with its hemoglobin

what 2 things makes the sound “Lubb Dubb” in the heart?

• “Lubb” ← tricuspid & bicuspid valve closing

• “Dubb” ← semilunar valves (aortic & pulmonary) closing

Another name for red blood cells?

Erythrocytes

what are red blood cells made of?

hemoglobin (iron-rich protein that carries oxygen)

define hematopoiesis

the process of creating new blood cells—including red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets—that primarily occurs in red bone marrow

define leukocytes

aka white blood cells, protects the body from infection, 1% of blood

define lymphocytes

a major type of white blood cell that regulate immune cell function, attack infected cells/tumors, and produce antibodies

what blood type is the universal donor?

O- (b/c it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens)

what blood type is the universal recipient?

AB+ (b/c lacks A, B, and Rh antibodies)

what is a sphygmomanometer?

medical instrument used to measure blood pressure

systolic vs. diastolic blood pressure

measures force of circulating blood in arteries pumped by the heart

• Systolic —> when heart contracts (max pressure during a beat)

• Diastolic —> when heart relaxes (lowest pressure b/w beats)

what blood pressure is considered normal?

120/80 mm Hg

tachycardia

fast heart rate (100+)

bradycardia

slow heart rate (x<60)

define EKG

measures electrical activity of heart (records heartbeats, rate, & rhythm)

SA vs. AV node

SA: initiates impulses to contract the heart (controls heart rate)

AV: receives signal and delays it (so blood can contract)

3 functions of blood

1. transports nutrients, nutrients, hormones, & waste

2. regulates pH, temp, & pressure

3. clots & fights infection

Hemostasis

aka blood clotting process

1. vascular spasm (constriction)

2. primary hemostasis (platelet form a temp plug)

3. secondary hemostasis (body amps blood-clotting effects & fibrin creates mesh)

3 stages of hemostasis

1. vascular spasm — injured blood vessel constricts to minimize blood loss

2. primary hemostasis — platelet gather to blood vessel & forms a temp plug

3. secondary hemostasis — fibrin creates mesh that traps blood cells from leaving, surrounds and stabilizes the clot for wound healing

how is blood typing performed?

mixing a blood sample with antibodies (anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh) to detect antigen clumping.

• Yes clumps —> does have that antibody

• no clumps (solid color) —> doesn’t have that antibody

main components of cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels, and blood

what cavity is the heart located in?

mediastinum cavity

list & describe the 3 layers of the heart

outermost —> innermost

1. epicardium — thin layer w/ connective tissue, fat, & coronary blood vessels

• also part of pericardium

1. myocardium — thick layer made of cardiac muscle cells; responsible for contracting/pumping

2. endocardium — line chambers & cover valves; acts as protective barrier b/w blood & heart (myocardium)

pericardium

protective, double-layered membrane that surrounds the outside of the heart

pulmonary circuit

system that transports blood from the heart to the lungs, becomes oxygenated, & back

systemic circuit

system that transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body & back

difference b/w pulmonary circuit vs systemic circuit

P: (deoxygenated) blood goes from heart to lungs & back

S: (oxygenated) blood goes from heart to rest of body & back

what do heart valves do?

control blood flow, ensuring it moves in one direction, & prevents backward flow

electrical pathway of the heart (list stages/flow)

1. SA node — “pacemaker” initiates heartbeat by sending electrical impulses

2. AV node — delays signal to the ventricle slightly until the atria are empty (to ensure the blood fills the ventricles before contraction starts)

3. AV bundle (bundle of His) — carries signal to Purkinje fibers through bundle branches

4. Purkinje fibers — distribute electrical signal to ventricles —> contracts & delivers blood out to body

trace pathway of blood flow throughout the heart

what occurs at each letter? (excluding s)

• P —> SA node sends electrical impulse, so atria contracts

• PR segment —> delay caused by AV node

• QRS —> ventricles contract, atria relaxes

• T —> ventricles relax

• U —> sign of low potassium

4 primary sinus rhythms

1. normal: 60-100 bpm

2. tachycardia: more than 100 bpm

3. bradycardia: less than 60 bpm

4. arrhythmia: irregular

arteries

• moves blood away from the heart

• thicker, rigid walls

• high pressure

“art” —> renaissance art w/ high society & thick paint

capillaries

• 1-cell thick walls

• exchanges gases (O² & CO²) b/w blood & tissue cells

veins

• brings blood toward heart

• thinner, flexible walls

• low pressure

• large lumen (central, hollow channel allowing blood flow)

• contains valves

3 layers of blood vessels & their functions

outermost —> innermost

1. tunica externa: fibrous connective tissue (protects)

2. tunica media: smooth muscle & elastic tissue (dilates & constricts)

3. tunica intima: lined w/ endothelium aka endothelial cells (decreases friction as blood flows)

what is a pulse & where to find one?

expansion & recoil of arteries close to the skin where blood pumps through the body from the heart; indicates BPM; some locations are

• wrist (radial artery)

• elbow (brachial artery)

• neck (carotid artery)

what is resting heart rate?

70-76 bpm

what is considered to be high blood pressure?

140+/90+

hypertension

high blood pressure

circulatory shock

severe hypotension (low blood pressure) from inadequate blood flow & oxygen delivery caused by atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries)

hypotension

low blood pressure

atherosclerosis

the thickening of artery walls due to the buildup of fatty deposits (plaques) from dmg to endothelial lining

anemia

insufficient amount of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the body’s tissues

• caused by low iron, blood, or nutrient

• symptoms: fatigue, dizziness, pale skin

sickle-cell disease

genetic blood disorder where red blood cells turn sickle-shaped, blocking blood flow

• causes chronic anemia, severe pain, & organ dmg

leukemia

cancer of blood-forming tissues, producing an excessive, abnormal white blood cells.

embolus

blood clot that is a detached, traveling mass that moves through the bloodstream until it lodges somewhere

hemophilia

blood doesn’t clot properly; primarily affects males

varicose veins

swollen, twisted veins (typically in legs) caused by weakened valves (blood flows backward & collects in the veins)

angina pectoris

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow & oxygen to heart muscle

myocardial infarction

aka heart attack as of result of when blood flow is blocked or greatly reduced

ischemia

serious condition caused by reduced blood flow to organs or tissues, depriving them of necessary oxygen & nutrients —> tissue dmg or death

fibrillation

arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) causing risk of stroke, blood clots, and heart failure

heart murmur

extra or unusual “whooshing” sound heard during a heartbeat made by

congestive heart failure

progressive weakening of heart b/c inadequate circulation to tissue; caused by

• coronary atherosclerosis

• persistent high blood pressure

• multiple heart attacks

A-Fib vs V-Fib

irregular heartbeats

• A: chronic, manageable condition in upper heart chambers

• V: fatal immediate emergency in lower heart chambers

arterioles

small, branching vessels from arteries connecting to capillaries

venules

small, thin blood vessels leading away from capillaries to veins