RIZAL NOTES

economic, political, cultural, social

A decade after the Philippines’ independence in 1946, US continued to dominate all aspects of Filipino society —-

Senate Bill 438

A bill sponsored by Senator Jose P. Laurel to promote the teachings of Jose Rizal.

Republic Act No. 1425

The law signed by President Ramon Magsaysay mandating the inclusion of Rizal's works in educational curricula.

House Bill 5561

Cong. Jacobo Gonzales introduced ________ as a counterpart to Senate Bill 438.

Noli Me Tangere

The first of Jose Rizal’s major novels, included in the curricula as per the Rizal Law.

El Filibusterismo

The second novel by Rizal required to be taught in schools under the Rizal Law.

Catholic Church

opposed the Rizal Law because of its open criticism to the Catholic Church

Sen. Claro M. Recto

The author of the original version of Senate Bill 438 advocating for Rizal's ideals.

Sen. Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo

A senator who expressed concerns about potential discord between Church and State due to the Rizal Law.

Sen. Decoroso Rosales

A senator who feared the Rizal Law would lead to the closure of Catholic schools.

• Sen. Jose P. Laurel

• Sen. Claro M. Recto

• Cong. Jacobo Gonzales

• Cong. Arturo Tolentino

Advocate of Bill

• Sen. Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo

• Sen. Decoroso Rosales

• Cong. Jesus Paredes

Opposition of Bill

April 17, 1956

Senator Jose P. Laurel, the Chairman of Committee on Education, sponsored the Senate Bill 438, authored by Sen. Claro M. Recto.

Amendments to the Rizal Bill

Changes proposed to address criticism from opponents while maintaining key provisions.

Nation

A community of people with a shared identity, defined territory, and government.

Nationalism

An ideology prioritizing the culture and interests of one nation above others.

Patriotism

Love and devotion to one's country, differing from nationalism in its non-exclusionary nature.

Primordialism

The belief that nations are natural and rooted in ancient human organization.

Edward Shils and Clifford Geertz.

Who advocated primordialism?

Benedict Anderson

According to _________, nation is a socially-constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of a group.

Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson, and Eric Hobsbawm

Who subscribed modernism?

Modernism

The theory that nations and nationalism are products of modernity and political ends.

Hero

A significant figure admired for courage and outstanding achievements, often serving as a role model.

Esteban de Ocampo

As stated by _________, a hero means a prominent or central figure that plays an admirable part in any remarkable action or event; a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger or fortitude in suffering; and a man honored by public worship after his death for an exceptional service to mankind.

Criteria for National Heroes

Standards used to evaluate whether an individual qualifies as a national hero.

NO

Do we have a legal national hero?

March 28, 1993

On __________, through Executive Order 75, National Heroes Committee was established to study, evaluate, and recommend national heroes.

Bayani

A term meaning hero or leader, traced back to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian roots.

baRani

The root word of bayani

April 19, 1956

Cong. Jacobo Gonzales introduced House Bill 5561 as a counterpart to Senate Bill 438.

May 12, 1956

The bill was amended and finally approved on the second reading.

May 17, 1956

The bill was finally passed by the senate, and it also stated that the Senate Bill number must show up on the enrolled copies.

Jose Rizal

The foremost Philippine national hero known for his writings advocating for reforms.

Andres Bonifacio

Leader of the Katipunan who fought against Spanish oppression in the Philippines.

Emilio Aguinaldo

The first president of the Philippine Republic who played a key role in the revolution.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

A prominent political writer during Spanish colonization who founded a nationalistic newspaper.

Gabriela Silang

A revolutionary leader known for fighting for independence from Spain after her husband’s death.

Apolinario Mabini

A prominent revolutionary thinker known as the 'brains' of the revolution.

Melchora Aquino

Revolutionary figure known as 'Tandang Sora,' significant in supporting the Katipunan.

Sultan Kudarat

A crucial figure in resisting Spanish colonization in Mindanao.

Juan Luna

A notable Filipino artist and patriot known for the painting Spoliarium.

Cong. Jacobo Gonzales

A supporter of the Rizal Law, emphasizing its impact on national awareness and self-reliance.

June 12, 1956

The date when the Rizal Law was signed into effect.

April 3, 1956

The starting date for filing bills related to education concerning the Rizal Law.

Section 1 of the Rizal Law

Mandates the inclusion of Rizal’s life and works in school curricula.

Section 4 of the Rizal Law

Clarifies that the act does not amend existing laws prohibiting religious discussions in schools.

Section 2 of the Rizal Law

It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges, and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of Rizal’s works.

Section 3 of the Rizal Law

The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Riza into English, Tagalog, and the principal Philippine dialects.

Section 5 of the Rizal Law

The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purpose of this Act.

End of Galleon Trade in 1815

paved the way for the diversification of trade and commerce in the Philippines.

Mexican Revolution and Trade Liberalization

caused the decline of Galleon Trade.

1778, Gov. Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas

attempted to encourage domestic production and economic autonomy from Spain and Mexico.

• regulation of commerce

• monopolization of cash crops

• establishment of Royal Philippine Company

Three ways Vargas encouraged domestic production.

Lack of Agriculture and Industrial Development

saves the Filipino from the horror of colonial plantation system and abuses of encomendero.

Encomendero

spanish colonizers who were granted the right to compel indigenous people to work and pay tribute in the encomienda system.

Opening of Manila in 1834

opening to the world had stimulated immense socio-economic changes in the colony.

Wealthy Principalia and Mestizo-middle class

emergence of them were spurred by economic progress.

Cadiz Constitution of 1812

Following the Napoleonic Wars, this was established to deposed the absolute monarchy of Spain.

1812, Spanish Empire

lost its major colonies in the Latin America following a series of war of liberation.

Trauma of Creole-led revolutions in Latin America

prompted the colonial government to replace the Insulares (Creoles) officials of the Peninsulares from Spain.

Novales Revolt (1823) and Palmero Conspiracy (1828).

Revolts led by the Insulares ensued as a consequence of this discriminatory decision by the colonial government such as __________________

Glorious Revolution in 1868

deposed Quees Isabella II.

Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre

was sent to the colony after Glorious Revolution, to introduce new and progressive colonial policies.

Opening of Suez Canal in 1869

resulted in the influx of liberal ideas, arts, culture, and lifestyle to the colony.

Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo, 1872

replaced de la Torre, he imposed stricted and harsher laws that caused unrest and revolts.

Cavite Mutiny of 1872

arise from the discontent of the colonial troops and laborers to the oppressive demands of colonial government.

PENINSULARES

Spaniards born in Spain, were at the top of social order.

INSULARES

Spaniards born in the Philippines.

INDIOS/PRINCIPALES

Native Filipinos.

MESTIZO

Mix of Native Filipino and other races.

Secularization movement

advocated for greater rights for native Filipino Catholic clergymen and had significant implications to Filipino nationalism and the Philippine Revolution of 19th century.

Seculars (seculares)

Clergymen who are not affiliated with a religious order, mostly native Filipinos.

Regulars (regulares)

Clergymen who are part of an established order, mostly pure Spanish.

Fr. Pedro Pelaez

he and other Filipino clergymen petitioned for the displacement of the Seculares from their parishes by the Regulares.

Jesuits, 1859

returned and reclaimed their parishes and estates from the Recollects who in turn took their former parishes from the Seculares leaving them with no jurisdiction to be administered.

Nationalism and Principles of Progress

regular priests inadvertently inculcate this idea to the young Filipinos through their education.

Slash of Church and Government

Throughout 19th century, colony witnessed this slash over the administration and controlled of the people.

Anti-Friar sentiments

rooted in Propaganda Movement and was only limited to the educated elite in Tagalog provinces.

Significance of Land Ownership

became apparent as the cash crop economy contributed wealth and prestige of the emerging principalia and middle class.

Agrarian Unrest

took place in the majority of the provinces with Friar estates where conflicts between the Church and the people became apparent.

Friar Estates

Lands owned by Spanish Priests (Dominicans)

1759, Don Manuel Jauregui

haciendero, entrusted his lands, the haciendas of Calamba and Nagtajan to the Society of Jesus.

1767, King Charles III

issued a decree expelling the Jesuits from the entire Spanish Empire including the Philippines.

1803, Don Clemente de Azansa

Government sold the hacienda to the Spanish layman.

Corporacion de Padres Dominicos de Filipinas

acquired the hacienda upon de Azansa’s death.

December 30, 1887

government wanted to check on taxes by asking the Calamba tenants about rent paid to the Dominican hacienda.

January 1888

they replied with a petition drafted by Rizal and signed by the principles of the town challenging the legitimacy of the land titles supposedly held by the Dominicans.

Justice of the Peace in Calamba and lost.

A year later, after trying in vain to collect rent due, the Dominicans brought the case to the _______________________.

Provincial Court of Santa Cruz and won.

Dominicans appealed to the __________________

Gov. Gen Valeriano Wyler in 1891

After a while, evicted tenants began to return to the land, prompting ______________ to order the deportation of 25 individuals to Mindoro.

Sandakan, Sabah

Rizal thought of forming a Filipino settlement here.

William Burgess Pryer

Rizal encountered this Englishman and his wife in Hong Kong in 1892.

100,000 acres of land for 999 years.

BNBC was open to the idea of a Filipino settlement in Borneo and “offered permanent settlement for the emigrants and the sale or lease of _______________”

Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol

rejected the project proposal as he believes that this is against the interest of Spanish colonial rule.

Executive Order 75

Order establishing the National Heroes Committee for evaluating national hero candidates.

19th century

Can be considered as the most crucial period in the history of colonial Philippines.

Social construction of nation

Idea that nations are formed through social consensus rather than inherent characteristics.