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Intensive Farming
focuses on investing a lot of resources and labor into small tracts of land in order to increase yield
Extensive Farming
an agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed
Market Gardening
the commercial production of vegetables, fruits, flowers and other plants on a large scale
Plantation Agriculture
flat land for large-scale commercial growing of one particular crop
Mixed Crop/Livestock
agricultural systems that involve the production of both crops and livestock on the same piece of land
Shifting Cultivation
a type of agriculture that involves clearing a small area of land, planting crops for a few years, and then moving on to a new plot of land when the soil fertility declines
Nomadic Herding
herders that roam in small tribal or extended family groups and have no home base
Clustered Settlement
a type of rural settlement in which homes and other structures are concentrated in a specific area
Dispersed Settlement
a rural settlement characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
Linear Settlement
a type of rural settlement in which homes and other structures are arranged in a long, narrow configuration along a transportation corridor, such as a river, a road, or a rail line
Metes and Bounds
this system uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels
Township and Range
a rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior
Long Lot System
land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals and is found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas
Second Agricultural Revolution
it involved the mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation, development of large-scale irrigation, and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods
Crop Rotation
the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and weed pressure
Selective Breeding
choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics
Industrialization
the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
Green Revolution
the increase in agricultural production that has been made possible by the use of new types of crops and new farming methods, especially in developing countries
High-Yield
a farming approach that results in consistent, significantly higher yielding crops
Subsistence Agriculture
form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade
Commercial Agriculture
when food is produced for sale
Monocropping
the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land, in the absence of rotation through other crops
Bid-Rent Theory
a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases
Von Thunen Model
a predictive theory that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market
Microloans
a small sum of money lent at low interest to new businesses
Agribusiness
economic activities derived from or connected to farm products
Pollution
the introduction of harmful materials into the environment
Desertification
land degradation in typically dry areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities
Soil Salinization
the accumulation of salts within soil layers above a certain level that adversely affects crop production, environmental health and economic welfare
Slash and Burn Agriculture
a widely used method of growing food in which wild or forested land is clear cut and any remaining vegetation burned
Terrace Farming
an agricultural practice farmers employ on steep slopes, hilly areas and higher altitudes; land farmed in layers
Irrigation
the artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays
Deforestation
the action of clearing a wide area of trees for lumber, grazing, extraction or development
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
a plant, animal or microbe in which one or more changes have been made to the genome, typically using high-tech genetic engineering, in an attempt to alter the characteristics of an organism
Aquaculture
breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants
Fertilizer
a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility
Pesticide
a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals
Urban Farming
the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas
Food Insecurity/Desert
low-income tracts in which a substantial number or proportion of the population has low access to supermarkets or large grocery stores
Complementarity
the actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions
Comparative Advantage
an economic concept related to Free Trade that says a country should specialize in certain products for export when they hold an advantage in producing those products, and import other products in which they do not have an advantage as compared to other countries
Free Trade Agreement
allow for goods from foreign countries to be imported without a tariff, that is, without being taxed for the sake of being foreign goods
World Trade Organization (WTO)
a supranational organization that creates policies on global trading
Mercosur
a regional integration process, initially established by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and subsequently joined by Venezuela and Bolivia
OPEC
an intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-producing countries that aims to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member states
NAFTA/USMCA
a free trade agreement between the U.S., Canada and Mexico
Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth
Traditional Society; Transitional Phase; Takeoff; Drive to Maturity; High Mass Consumption
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
the world economic system is divided into a hierarchy of three types of countries: core, semi-periphery, and periphery
Human Development Index (HDI)
common statistic used to measure an area's development; is determined by measuring the average life expectancy, amount of education, and per capita income of a country