AP Human Geography Grand Review

Bid-rent curve

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases

central business district

the commercial and business center of a city; typified by a concentration of retail and office buildings

central-place theory

a geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system; defined by Walter Christaller

concentric zone model

An urban model in which a series of rings emanates from the CBD, each with increasing quality and price of land; created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925

counterurbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

economic base

the major industries that provide employment in an area

edge city

concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area

a relatively large urban area situated on the outskirts of a city, typically beside a major road.

favela

a Brazilian slum within or on the outskirts of urban areas, especially Rio De Jeneiro

forward capital

A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons; E.g. Brasilia, Washington D.C., Abuja

gated community

residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences; consist of small residential streets and include various shared amenities

gateway city

a major entry point or city to a country; E.g. New York, London

gentrification

a trend in urban neighborhoods, which results in increased property values and the displacing of lower-income families and small businesses; refers to shifts in an urban community lifestyle and an increasing share of wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values

ghetto

a forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority

Gravity Model

interaction of places based on their population, sizes, and distances between them

hinterland

The market area surrounding an urban center

Informal economy

the diversified set of economic activities, enterprises, jobs, and workers that are not regulated or protected by the state; the part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government

infrastructure

the fundamental facilities and systems serving a place; E.g. transportation and communication systems, power plants, schools.

inner city

the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city

megacity

a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people; E.g. Tokyo, Shanghai, Paris, London, New York City

megalopolis

a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas

conurbation

an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.

metropolitan area

a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing; these are key economic and political regions

multiple nuclei model

focus on regional centers (e.g. heavy industry, business parks, retail areas). The model is suitable for the large, expanding cities

multiplier effect

the increase in final income arising from any new injection of spending; the size of the multiplier depends upon household's marginal decisions to spend, called the marginal propensity to consume (mpc), or to save, called the marginal propensity to save (mps)

New Urbanism

an urban design movement which promotes walkable neighborhoods containing a range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has gradually influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban planning, and municipal land-use strategies

primate city

the largest city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy; E.g. London, Paris, Bangkok, Athens

rank-size rule

- settlements in a country may be ranked in order of their size

- if the population of a town is multiplied by its rank, the sum will equal the population of the highest ranked city. In other words, the population of a town ranked n will be 1/nth of the size of the largest city the fifth town, by rank, will have a population one-fifth of the first.

sector model

- a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt

- a modification of the concentric zone model of city development

- allows for an outward progression of growth

shantytown

- a deprived area on the outskirts of a town consisting of large numbers of crude dwellings

- usually found on the periphery of cities, in public parks, or near railroad tracks, rivers, lagoons or city trash dump sites

squatter settlement

- aka shantytown

- a settlement of plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, and cardboard boxes

- usually found on the periphery of cities, in public parks, near railroad tracks, rivers, lagoons or city trash dump sites

suburb

a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city

threshold

- the minimum number of people required to support a business

- calculated by earnings of the local population

range

- the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to gain access to a service

- calculated in travel time that a consumer needs to get to a service location

urban renewal

rebuilding of the poor areas of a city

urbanization

a population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which each society adapts to the change

urban sprawl

the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas

world city

a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system; the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic means

zoning

sectioning off different ways of urban land use; E.g. residential, industrial, business

agriculture

The practice of cultivating the land or raising stock

agrarian

(Adj.) Having to do with farms, farmers, or the use of land

agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

agricultural hearths

Places where agriculture first developed and originated.

animal domestication

genetic modification of an animal so that it is more easily controlled by humans

aquaculture

use of river segments or artificial bodies of water such as ponds for the raising and harvesting of food products

biotechnology and GMOs

genetic modification of organisms to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops.

commercial agriculture

Farming for profit

intensive commercial agriculture

yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated application of labor and/or capital usually to small holdings

extensive commercial agriculture

yields a much smaller output per acre as farmers spread their labor and capital over large areas of land.

crop rotation

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year,to avoid exhausting the soil.

dairy

milk products

deforestation

The removal of trees, usually for farmland.

desertification

the process by which formally fertile lands become increasingly arid and unproductive.

fertilizer

a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility [肥料]

grain

Seed from various grasses, E.g. wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet

pesticides

Chemicals that kill crop-destroying organisms [农药]

irrigation

artificial watering of farmland

extensive subsistence agriculture

An agricultural production system that uses small inputs of hand labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed.

shifting cultivation

(slash-and-burn) A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; Each field is used for crops for a few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

pastoral nomadism

Mobile people that herd domestic animals; Usually practiced in dry areas.

First Agricultural Revolution

8,000 BCE; Plant and animal domestication

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of modern agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

hunting and gathering

the killing of wild game and the harvesting of wild plants to provide food in traditional cultures.

intensive subsistence agriculture

The form of subsistence agriculture that feeds most people in LDCs; Farmers work hard on small parcels of land, usually without machines.

cattle

cows and bulls

livestock ranching

a form of commercial agriculture in which cattle graze over an extensive area.

Mediterranean Agriculture

specialized farming, especially olives and grapes, in dry-summer climates with prevailing sea winds: Southern Europe, Northern Africa, California, Chile, South Africa, Southwestern Australia.

plant domestication

genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention

nomad

a member of a mobile pastoral people; E.g. Traditional Pastoral Mongolians

organic farming

using natural substances instead of fertilizers and chemicals to increase crop yields [有机]

plantation agriculture

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop.

Second Agricultural Revolution

1600s-1800s/increase in food production/tools were modified/ urbanization/ happened alongside the industrial revolution

sedentary

Settled; Stationary; Non-mobile

staple food

Foods eaten regularly or in such quantities as to constitute the dominant part of the diet and supply a major proportion of energy and nutrients

Third Agricultural Revolution

dates as far back as the 1930s when scientists in the American midwest manipulated seed varieties/ success is debated

transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

truck farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming popular in the South and East US.

horticulture

growing of fruits/vegetables/flowers for commercial use.

Von Thuenen model

Explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy- rings around a city,

development

Improvement in the material conditions of people

demand

Quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy

supply

the amount of goods available for sale

less developed country (LDC)

A.K.A. Developing country

more developed country (MDC)

A.K.A. Developed country

human development index (HDI)

Overall measure of a country's development; Uses economic, social, and demographic variables.

gross domestic product (GDP)

The sum total of all the goods and services created in an economy; Provides a measure of the size of the economy

GDP/per capita

gives a measure of the individual (per person average) standard of living in a country

gross national income (GNI)

Production (GDP) + money that leaves and enters the country (e.g. remittances)

primary sector

Agriculture and natural resources: The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface.

secondary sector

Industry and manufacturing: The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

tertiary sector

services (providing goods and services to people in exchange for cash payment): e.g. education, banking, retail, law, accountants, healthcare, etc.

quaternary sector

the portion of the economy concerned with information, populated with highly-skilled, well-trained individuals.