Chemical Basis of Life pt. 1 (inorganic molecules)

atom

smallest particle of matter and is non-divisible by chemical means

atom

smallest unit of an element to enter into chemical reaction

proton

positive electric charge

electron

negative electric charge

neutron

has no positive nor negative charge

1. protons and neutrons - inside the nucleus

2. electrons - outside the nucleus/elliptical orbit

where are the protons, neutrons, and electrons situated?

matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

atomic number

no. of protons

atomic mass/mass number

no. of protons and neutrons

Carbon - 6

atomic number of C

Hydrogen - 1

atomic number of H

Oxygen - 8

atomic number of O

Nitrogen - 7

atomic number of N

Sulfur - 16

atomic number of S

Phosphorus - 15

atomic number of P

nucleus

control unit of cell

nucleus

functional unit of cell

nucleus

serve as a core of the atom

elements

substance that cannot be broken down or transformed chemically into another substance

molecule

can be combination of different element on the same element

organic molecule

Molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and sometimes other elements.

organic molecule

must contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms

Inorganic Molecule

atoms usually held by ionic bond

Inorganic Molecule

Molecules that do not primarily consist of carbon

Inorganic Molecule

These are often found in non-living systems but can also be part of living organisms.

Chemical Bonding

The process by which atoms or molecules are held together in compounds.

Chemical Bonding

formation of chemical bond between two or more atoms

Ionic Bonding

A type of chemical bond where one atom transfers electrons to another, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions.

cation

an atom loses one or more electrons

anion

an atom gains one or more electrons

Covalent Bonding

A type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Hydrogen Bonding

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) in another.

hydrogen bonding

bonding that is easy to form and easy to break

hydrogen bonding

chemical bond crucial for the structure of water and biological molecules like DNA.

water

most abundant component of protoplasm

water

composed of 2 hydrogen atom and 1 oxygen atom

70-95%

living cells are made up of _% of water

46% (2/3)

how many percent of water is inside the cell?

23% (1/3)

how many percent of water is in the plasma of blood and bodily fluids?

3/4

composition of water on earth

water

major component of bodily fluids

water

lubricant of movable surface

water

medium of metabolic process

water

cushion for brain and spinal cord

cohesion

ability of water to attract each other or combine

adhesion

tendency of a liquid to spread out over a surface, especially when the liquid is in contact with a material that it "likes" or bonds with well.

hydrophilic

water-lover

hydrophobic

water-fearing

ice is less dense than water

ice density in comparison to water

surface tension

the result of cohesive forces between water molecules at the surface, creating a "film" that makes the surface of water hard to break

Buoyancy

The ability of an object to float in a fluid, such as water, due to the upward force that opposes the weight of the object.

Henry Cavendish

An 18th-century British scientist who is credited with discovering the composition of water (H₂O) as a combination of hydrogen and oxygen. Also Coloumb’s Law, Richter’s Law, Ohm’s Law

transpiration

evaporation of water in plants

protoplasm

living portion of cell

Capillary Action

it helps water travel up through plant roots and stems against gravity.

gases

impotant in oxidation of food molecule in order to release energy

oxygen and carbon dioxide

two major gases

oxygen

used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activity

oxygen

a raw material necessary for survival

carbon dioxide

waste product released during metabolic acitivity

CO2

must be removed from the body as it is toxic to cells

yes

is the CO2 released by plants at night toxic?

acid

A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water,

Base

A substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) or increases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water

Soren Peter Lauritz Sorensen (1909)

who introduced the concept of pH?

German “potence” meaning power

origin word of p of pH

power of hydrogen/potential of hydrogen

pH stands for

decreases and vice versa

if the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH (increases, decreases)?

rugae

The folds or ridges in the inner lining of the stomach. These folds allow the stomach to expand when food enters and also help with mechanical digestion by providing more surface area for stomach muscles to churn food.

endoscopy

A medical procedure used to examine the interior of the digestive tract using an endoscope—a flexible tube with a camera and light.

buffer

resists changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added to it. this is to balance the alkalinity or acidity in the body

sour

Acid taste

bitter, chalky

Base taste

stingy to the mucous membrane

acid texture

slippery, soapy

base texture

blue to red (BACID)

litmus paper color change in acid

red to blue (RBASE)

litmus paper color change in base

salt

formed from the neutralization of acid and base

0.0 - 6.9

ph level of acid

7.1 - 14

ph level of base

7.4

pH level of human blood

7

pH level of water

12

pH level of household bleach

10

pH level of hand soap

5

pH level of human urine

4

pH level of tomato juice

2

pH level of gastric juice

salts

important in vital processes such as irritability of muscles and nerves, growth and repair of tissues, and metabolism

iodize salt

processed salt made to prevent goiter. crucial for the production of thyroid hormones

Rock Salt

A natural form of salt that is mined from salt deposits, primarily composed of sodium chloride (NaCl).

6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons

how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does a carbon have?

4 extra electrons

how many extra electrons does a carbon need from other molecules?

Gilbert Lewis

coined the word photon, revolutionized how we think about acids and bases

35 times

how many times was Gilbert Lewis nominated for Nobel Prize?

cyanide poisionigng

how did G. Lewis die suspectingly?

Gilbert Lewis

first person to conceptualize the covalent bonding

Gilbert Lewis

produced the first molecule of heavy water

Lewis Dot Structure

a diagram that illustrates how atoms bond and share electrons, helping to visualize the arrangement of electrons in a molecule.

octet rule

chemical principle stating that atoms tend to bond in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell, achieving a stable electron configuration similar to that of noble gases.

non-polar covalent bond (O2)

electrons are shared equally within a covalent bond