Sociology

Validity

________: Whether questions accurately measure the intended characteristic.

Confirmation bias

________: Tendency we all have to look for and accept information that reinforces what we already believe.

Globalization

________: Integration of political and economic systems; has brought about intercultural communication and an exchange of ideas and values.

Stratification

________: A system that puts categories of people into a hierarchy.

Ethnography

________: a type of in- depth study of a group and its culture.

Social class

________: A group of individuals who share a similar socio- economic position based on income, wealth, education, and occupation.

Candace West

Doing gender: ________ and Don Zimmerman developed the idea that we perform actions that produce gender.

Ethnocentrism

________: Cultural or ethnic bias, whether conscious or unconscious.

Wealth

________: the total amount of money that you possess or would possess if you sold off your assets.

Social capital

________: The information you have and the people you know, the connections you have that help individuals enter pre- existing networks or gain power from them.

socially determined positions

Roles: a set of expectations about the behavior and attitudes of people who occupy a particular social status: a person or group's ________ within a larger group or society.

Norms

________: rules and expectations by which a group guides the behavior of its members.

Lober

________- Meanings of gender are created through social interaction and social norms.

Conspicuous consumption

________: Gaining prestige by exhibiting valuable cultural goods.

●Ideology

________- Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality.

individual earns

Income: the amount of money a(n) ________ from employment or investments.

Unit of analysis

________: Item observed in a study (ex: individual people, cities, neighborhoods, apartment complexes, nations)

●Narrative

________- A set of stories that tie you to a social group.

Ethnicity

________: common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people.

Correlation

________: relationship between variables.

●race

________ has been used to justify some dimensions of the social world.

Survey

________: Gathering data by asking people sets of questions.

Audit study

________: Research experiment in which researchers match participants on key characteristics.

Operationalization

________: A way of defining variables into measurable items.

possible value

A variable: is any characteristic that has more than one ________.

Reliability

________: Consistency of measurements.

Meritocracy

________: A belief that personal responsibility and individual effort are the sole.

Life chances

________: Refers to the Opportunities to provide yourself with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences.

Gender identity

________: as a personal conception of oneself as male, female, both, or neither.

Race

________: a system that humans created to classify groups of people based mostly on skin tone.

Poverty

Absolute ________: A measure that considers the basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, and clothing; those without these necessities are considered poor.

Phenotype

________: The human phenotype is a set of visible characteristics like the color of our skin, hair and eyes.

Participant observation

________: Research method in which researcher spends time among a group, observing and participating in their daily lives.

research method

Experiment: A(n) ________ in which the environment is controlled to isolate the effects of one factor or characteristic.

Relative Poverty

________: Is a measure that takes into account the relative economic status of people in a society by looking at how income is distributed.

Spurious relationship

________: When a third variable actually explains the apparent connection between two variables.

Cumulative Advantages

________: Advantages that are built up over generations and contribute to social class inequality.

Feminism

________: refers to a collection of movements that advocate for equality of all genders and sexes.●By focusing on the experiences of women and adding these to the experience of men, feminist research allowed for findings to be more generalizable.

Social structure

________: set of social statuses, roles, groups, networks, and institutions that organize and influence the way people go about their lives.

Karl Marx

\- conflict theory

\- Relational sociologist \n - The central conflict in an industrialist society is between two groups

Alienation

feeling separate from work, others and a sense of humanity

Max Weber

* symbolic interactionism


* Sociologists generate interpretative understandings


* His approach is distinctly cultural
* Introduced the idea of methodological individualism

Emile Durkheim

* Structural Functionalism


* Integration and regulation - Too little regulation leads to "Anomie"
* Introduced the concept of mechanical and organic solidarity

○Integration and regulation

Too little regulation leads to "Anomie"

participant observation

Research method in which researcher spends time among a group, observing and participating in their daily lives

Operationalization

A way of defining variables into measurable items

correlation

relationship between variables

Causation

One variable causes a change in another variable

direction of relationship

Which variable is affecting the other when a relationship exists

spurious relationship

When a third variable actually explains the apparent connection between two variables

Validity

Whether questions accurately measure the intended characteristic

Reliability

Consistency of measurements

social desirability bias

Problems introduced to data when respondents give answers they believe are socially acceptable

social structure

set of social statuses, roles, groups, networks, and institutions that organize and influence the way people go about their lives

●Agents of socialization

People and groups who influence our orientation to life, our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors

●Ideology

Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality

●Narrative

A set of stories that tie you to a social group

Norms

rules and expectations by which a group guides the behavior of its members

Resources

the things which are valuable or allow us to accomplish goals

life chances

Refers to the Opportunities to provide yourself with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences

social network

Series of social relationships that link a person directly to other individuals and indirectly to even more people

social institutions

Central domains of social life that guide our behaviors and meet our

social class

A group of individuals who share a similar socio-economic position based on income, wealth, education, and occupation

content analysis

Analysis of existing sources, focusing on key themes and patterns

Ethnography

a type of in-depth study of a group and its culture

confirmation bias

Tendency we all have to look for and accept information that reinforces what we already believe

hypothesis

a statement about how variables are expected to relate to each other

Stratification

A system that puts categories of people into a hierarchy

income

the amount of money an individual earns from employment or investments

Wealth

the total amount of money that you possess or would possess if you sold off your assets

social mobility

Movement from an ascribed social class position to a new achieved social class position

cumulative Advantages

Advantages that are built up over generations and contribute to social class inequality

Meritocracy

A belief that personal responsibility and individual effort are the sole

Absolute Poverty

A measure that considers the basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, and clothing; those without these necessities are considered poor

Relative Poverty

Is a measure that takes into account the relative economic status of people in a society by looking at how income is distributed

social capital

The information you have and the people you know, the connections you have that help individuals enter pre-existing networks or gain power from them

Ethnocentrism

Cultural or ethnic bias, whether conscious or unconscious

cultural appropriation

Members of a dominant culture adopting cultural goods (e.g., ideas, symbols, skills, cultural expressions, intellectual property) of other cultural groups for profit

cultural imperialism

Imposition of a dominant group's material and symbolic culture onto another group

Globalization

Integration of political and economic systems; has brought about intercultural communication and an exchange of ideas and values

gender identity

as a personal conception of oneself as male, female, both, or neither

lober

Meanings of gender are created through social interaction and social norms

doing gender

Candace West and Don Zimmerman developed the idea that we perform actions that produce gender

feminism

refers to a collection of movements that advocate for equality of all genders and sexes.●By focusing on the experiences of women and adding these to the experience of men, feminist research allowed for findings to be more generalizable

race

a system that humans created to classify groups of people based mostly on skin tone

Ethnicity

common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people

Phenotype

The human phenotype is a set of visible characteristics like the color of our skin, hair and eyes