music as culture exam 2

Azan

Arab call to prayer

Muezzin

The person who sings the call to prayer

Imam

Islamic leader of prayer in the Mosque

Takht

Arabic ensemble (nay, riqq, ‘ud, qanun)

Maqam

Arab musical mode / scale . Many different types of them like Ragas.

iqa

Arab rythmic mode / pattern - dum and tekk beats

Taqasim

Un metered solo improv. Short heterophonic melodies

tarab

a repertoire of Arab music. Also, the social dynamics that are enacted in the course of performance. “ecstasy” feeling that is achieved when listening to Arab music - expressed by audience vocalizations

muhabbet

TURKISH meetings for listening, music, and conversation

connections to masculinity - their listening connects them to their masculinity. People want to show that they have been moved by sound.

Taoism vs Confucianism

Taoism / Daoism - a philosophy / religion / cosmology of the self. Complimentary elements. Each thing has elements of its opposite within it. 

Confucianism - A philosophy of society. Political philosophy. Society is an organic whole, and everyone must do their job within the whole. 

• Rectification of names. You must live your role the best you can to keep everything in line. 

• Hierarchy is innate and this is a good thing. It keeps things in order.

Shan’ge

Chinese folk songs for working/flirting. used to be sung on the rural fields by workers, common people. but is now an important part of Chinese history, sung as cultural heritage. can be sung by voice students.

Jiangnan sizhu ensemble

Chinese silk and bamboo ensemble. pipa, erhu, dizi, sheng. suite style progression of slow to fast, heterophonic texture. Historically, it was for low-class professionals, high esteem music. 20th century - for amateur, participatory practice.

Peking opera

Jingju - Seen as the ‘national essence’ of China

• 4 character types - Sheing(men), Dan(women), Jing(scary characters), Chou(funny character) 

• 4 components - Singing, speech, acting, fighting

2 types of qin

Artists and literati

• Artists - people who perform, make patrons happy. 

• Literati - higher status people who do Qui to cultivate their better selves. They don't care about performing

impact of UNESCO declaration on current qin practices/significance

Caused an extreme revival, used to represent China and its cultural heritage.

K’antu

Built on the Bolivian concept of dualism. always 2 players, pentatonic scales.

Wayno

an Andean folk tradition genre. became commercialized in the 1950s. Fast tempo, high-pitched vocals

contemporary indegenous msuic conomalities

connection to the earth / life cycle rituals - music doesn’t happen just for fun. Certain instruments are played in certain seasons.

instruments - ikus/zampoña, charango, arpa

Creolization

Cultural and biological mix of african and european culture in the caribbean 

• Creole - a language that comes about as a mix of two languages - grammatically unfussy and mixes grammatical structure

Son cubano - canto/verso vs montuno

Originated as folk music done by rural people. bongó, maracas, tres, guitar, trumpet.

Canto / verso - european 

• Pre-composed versus 

• solo voice or parallel harmony 

• More chords 

• Lighter percussion (bongo)

Montuno - west african

• Improvised singing (soneo)

• Solo w call and response chorus 

• Simple harmonies, complex rhythms

• Lounder percussion (bell)

Son Montuno

“re-africanization” of folk tradition. Tumbadoras (afro-cuban drums, jazz band instrumentation, more / highlighted improv, piano and trumpet are added,

Salsa

Puerto Ricans/Nuyoricans playing Cuban style music. Son montuno structures - “rebreanded” Cuban music.

Tango

A sad throught expressed. Music of, about, and for Buenos Aires. Shaped by the migration of people, globalization.

habanera

Music of Buenos Aires. early tango played at places of dancing and drinking.

bandoneón

instrument with almost 5 full octaves - played in class like an accordion. Originally played to replace organs in European churches. 

• Becomes THE sound of tango

guardia nueva

Post-Paris tango craze. After the worlds fair, elite argentines want to be French, but now the middle class start to dance / enjoy tango.

Afro-Argentine-inspired tango. The middle class starts to enjoy tango, people start to play it professionally, and the radio. Violin, flute, guitar, piano, modulation occurs

Tango Canción

Sung tango - not rythmically predicatble, like spoken language

Carlos Gardel - First tango ‘star’ - explosion of recordings, film (typically with music). Dies young - romanticized. Works with people who write lyrics 

Tango lyrics (lunfardo, la mufa, fraseo)

• Lunfardo - slang that used to be used by criminals (like a secret language) now used in music - slang. Italian dialect mixed with Spanish. Low class people now can do tango (speak lunfardo). 

• La mufa (mufarse) - extreme bad luck, misfortune, unloved. Everything is worse than the last.

• Fraseo - phrasing - nobody sings tango how it is written - it's more in spoken rhythm, and will change from singer to singer. Thus, instruments change their rhythms to fit the singer.

Golden age tango (30s-40s)

• Takes the band of the new age and expands it outwards. 

• Life is good, lots of instruments in a band (multiple violins), lots of work available 

• Fan culture - people go to see their band they love, and will travel with them and fight for their favorites

• orquestas típicas- all but one don't last past the 50’s

Nuevo Tango (1950-60s)

Musician Astor Piazzolla studys in Paris with Nadia Boulanger. Goes back to Aregntina are creates new / Nuevo Tango

• Inspired by jazz, modern post-tonal music, music sophistication 

• Audiences don't dance, they listen to the music respectfully like a classical concert