trouble terms

Automatic vs. Effortful Processing

• Automatic processing happens without conscious thought, while effortful processing requires active attention and cognitive effort.

  • Cognitive Connection: Tasks like reading are automatic after practice, while studying for a test requires effortful processing.

  • General Personal Connection: Driving becomes automatic after practice, but learning a new language requires conscious effort.

• Explicit Memory

• Conscious memory of facts and events.

• Cognitive Connection: Explicit memory is used in tasks requiring deliberate recall, such as answering questions on a quiz.

• General Personal Connection: Remembering the capital of a country or a friend's birthday.

Implicit Memory:

• Unconscious memory that influences behavior without awareness.

  • Cognitive Connection: Implicit memory affects our actions without conscious thought, such as skills learned through repetition (e.g., riding a bike).

  • General Personal Connection: Playing a song on an instrument or typing on a keyboard without thinking about each keystroke.

Episodic Memory

• Memory for personal experiences and specific events.

  • Cognitive Connection: Essential for creating personal narratives and connecting past experiences to current actions.

  • General Personal Connection: Remembering a summer vacation or a birthday party.

Semantic Memory

• Memory for general knowledge and facts.

  • Cognitive Connection: Used when recalling information not tied to specific experiences, such as knowing that water boils at 100°C.

  • General Personal Connection: Understanding historical facts or scientific principles.

Sensory Memory (Iconic and Echoic)

Brief storage of sensory information; iconic is visual, and echoic is auditory.

Working Memory

•  A system used for temporary storage and manipulation of information.

  • Cognitive Connection: Key for problem-solving and processing tasks in real-time.

  • General Personal Connection: Juggling multiple tasks, like cooking while reading a recipe or doing mental math.

maitenence rehersal

• repeating info to short term memory

• good for quick remembering but not retaining

• ex: repeating phone number over and over until you remember it

eleborate rehersal

• connecting new info to old

• helps with retaining and long term memoery

• connecting new vocab to a word u already know

Proactive Interference

Old information disrupts the recall of new information.

Retroactive Interference

• New information disrupts the recall of old information.

perceptual set

• the tendency to perceive or notice certain aspects of sensory information while ignoring others

• Cognitive bias formed from past experinces and emotions

Schemas

• Definition: Mental templates that organize knowledge.

• Connection: Speed up understanding but can cause stereotyping.

• Example: Expecting a library to be quiet because of your schema for libraries.

Representativness heuristic

• Definition: Judging based on how well something matches a stereotype.

• Example: Assuming someone who likes books is a librarian.

availability heuristic

• Definition: Judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind.

• Example: Thinking shark attacks are common after watching a movie about one.

mental set

• Definition: Sticking to old ways of solving problems.

• Connection: Can block creative solutions.

• Example: Reusing the same method to fix a computer, even if it doesn’t work now.

priming

• where exposure to one stimulus influences a person's response to a subsequent stimulus without their conscious awareness

• yellow=bannana