US History 1st Semester Exam Review

Laissez Faire

Government being “hands off”

Monopoly

A single company having control over the majority of an entire industry

Tenement

a cheap, multi-family home that was typically overcrowded and housed poor working-class families.

Gospel of Wealth

(Carnegie = wealthy help society)

A philosophy proposed my carnegie that the wealthy elite have a moral duty to use their fortunes for the public good through philanthropy.

Social Darwinism

"Survival of the fittest" being applied to human societies (the strongest will survive)

Why were some business leaders viewed as Robber Barons (bad)?

they used ruthless, monopolistic tactics, exploited workers with low wages/poor conditions, corrupted government, and created massive wealth inequality.

True or false: Monopolies harm most people because lack of competition leads to higher prices

true

Bans like the (1) _________ Exclusion Act of 1882 were not easily passed. So Nativists supported laws that would require (2)_________ tests, (3)_________ inspections, and quotas on immigrants.

1. chinese

2. literacy

3. medical

What did political machines do for immigrants that helped give bosses power?

They provided essential social services and immediate assistance to immigrants, which earned their loyalty and votes.

True or False: The (Pendleton) Civil Service Act 1883 awarded jobs based on voter loyalty

False

John D. Rockefeller

Oil

Andrew Carnegie

Steel

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Railroad

J.P. Morgan

Banking

True or false: Most of the business decisions made by me like Carnegie and Rockefeller were perfectly legal in the 1800s

True

Thomas Edison

Lightbuld

Henry Bessemer

Steelmaking

Alexander Graham Bell

Telephone

William “Boss” Tweed

Tammany Hall

Booker T. Washington

(B.T.W. = earn equality through skills/jobs)

He believed equality would be earned slowly by having blacks become good at their jobs.

W.E.B. DuBois

(W.E.B. = immediate equality via education)

He disagreed with B.T.W.s idea of equality; he believed in pursuing professional degrees and founded NAACP.

True or false: The railroad industry experienced very minor operating changes after the Civil War.

False

The grange was made up of (1)________ working to get state laws passed to regulate the power of the (2)_______ companies because of unfair pricing practices. They later made up the Populist Party to focus on national reforms.

1. farmers

2. railroad

working conditions in factories during the industrial age

a. many immigrants were hired despite cultural differences; owners could pay them less money.

b. Bosses were often strict, lacked trust in workers, and were uncaring as seen in the

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory when over 100 women died in a fire

True or false: many businesses hired young boys and girls to do dangerous work such as sorting coal in mines and operating looms.

True

Name 2 ways business owners attempted to prevent unions from forming in their company.

by maintaining an engaged workforce and firing or retaliating against union organizers

The Republicans and Democrats were joined by the _____ Party in the late 1800s

Populist

Sphere of Influence

(sphere = area controlled by powerful country)

A geographical region where a powerful country exerts significant cultural, economic, military, or political control over weaker states

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalist, exaggerated, or even fabricated news reporting used to attract readers and boost newspaper sales.

Imperialism

The policy or act of extending a country’s power into territories or gaining control over another country’s policies or economics.

Isolationism

A foreign policy of avoiding permanent military alliances and political involvement in foreign conflicts.

Anarchist

Growing number of radicals near the turn of the century who attacked powerful corporate leaders and government officials.

Upton Sinclair

(muckraker, exposed social ills ‘The Jungle’)

 a famous novelist and social crusader from California who pioneered the kind of journalism known as "muckraking."

Jacob Riis

a Danish-American journalist, social reformer, and pioneering photographer famous for exposing the harsh living conditions in New York City's slums through his book (Muckraker)

Jane Addams

A pioneering American social reformer, social worker, and activist best known for co-founding Hull House in Chicago and she won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote “The Influence of Seapower” and is best known for its suggestion to build strong navies near the beginning of WWI.

16th Amendment

Income taxes

17th Amendment

direct election of senetors

18th amendment

ban on alcohol

19th amendment

women’s suffrage

List 2 laws passed during the Progressive Era that protected the health and well-being of consumers

the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed problems in society during the Progressive Era

True or False: Theodore Roosevelt favored policies that limited businesses’ access to the nation’s natural resources

True

Give 2 reasons the US fought the Spanish-American War

due to American support for Cuban independence from Spain, and the USS Maine blew up and America blamed Cuba

True or False: William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer both used yellow journalism to sell newspapers.

(They sensationalized stories to sell papers)

True

What happened in the Philippines after the Spanish-American war ended?

Spain surrendered the Philippines to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris.

Give 3 reasons the United States entered WW1

unrestricted submarine warfare, the zimmermann telegram, and growing dislike for Germany

True or False: President Wilson’s Fourteen Points sought to punish Germany and Russia for their role in World War 1

(Wilson = peace, not punishment)

False

Charles Lindbergh

(solo flight NYC—> Paris, bavery & ingenuity)

He captured the American spirit of boundless energy, bravery, and ingenuity when he successfully flew solo from NYC to Paris.

True or False: The Red Scare in America was a reaction to growing communist influences after World War 1.

True

What impact did the radio and movies have on American culture?

It united American culture through entertainment, fashion, sports, and consumerism.

Speakeasy

Illegal bars

Bootlegger

Person who illegally distributes alcohol (safety issues--unsanitrary + unsafe)

Flapper

A rebellious, modern young woman in the 1920s that went against cultural norms

Lost generation

A group of American writers and artists who were disillusioned by the aftermath of WW1 and felt disconnected from traditional values

True or False: One of Henry Ford’s greatest contributions to America was the mass production of an affordable automobile.

True

The Scopes Trial

(evolution in schools; Darrow v Bryan

involved lawyers WJ Bryan and Clarence Darrow debating the issue of teaching evolution in schools.

Major arguments that led to the ratification of the 18th amendment included:

● Reduce the abuses against (1)________________ and (2)____________________ by drunk men

● (3)_________________ were needed during WW1 to feed soldiers and our allies in Europe.

● (4) ___________________ were centers of criminal activity and union meetings

● Prominent (5)________________________ immigrants ran successful breweries; some feared profits would be used to help finance war expenses against America.

● Work was impacted by people (6)______________ the job, calling in sick frequently, or shoddy quality.

1. women

2. children

3. grains

4. saloons

5. german

6. drinking

True or False: Prohibition was a great success.

False

Langston Hughes

He was a key American artist from the Harlem Renaissance, he depicted Black life through jazz and blues.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian anarchists accused of robbery and murder

Charlie Chaplin

(Tramp, silent films, United Artists)

A legendary English comic actor known for his character The Tramp, he was a silent film pioneer and co-founder of United Artists.

Marcus Garvey

(Back to Africa, X to B.T.W. and W.E.B.)

African-American leader who called for a return to Africa for his people (against B.T.W. and W.E.B; Garvey’s movement was not widely supported.)

True or False: Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover favored strong regulations on businesses in the 1920s.

False

Factor #1 of the Great Depression

The stock market crash

Factor #2 of the Great Depression

Overproduction and underconsumption of goods like automobiles

Factor #3 of the Great Depression

Many midwestern farmers have debt and low prices after a prosperous decade

Factor #4 of the Great Depression

Bank failures, which wiped out people’s savings and ability to borrow. (bank runs common.)

Factor #5 of the Great Depression

Most important: Unwise government policies, like the Hawley-Smoot tariff, slowed down world trade when American companies needed these markets.

Crazy

Civil war

Rabbits

Reconstruction

In

Industrailization

Green

gilded age

Pants

Progressive era

Slept

Spanish american war

Peacefully

Panama canal

While

WW1

Playing

Prohibition

Jazz

Jazz age