exam

Dendrites

Little trees receive input portion of neuron carry nerve impulses toward cell body

nucleus

genetic information, **controls actives of cell**

soma (cell body)

contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and organelles, **process incoming cells**

myelin sheath

multilayered covering that surrounds neuron, insulates axon of neuron **speeds nerve impulse**

axon

propagates nerve impulses away for cell body to another neuron

axon terminal button

sends signal to other neurons

CNS:

**involuntary**: spinal cord+ brain

What happens during depolarization of a nerve cell

Negative membrane potential decreases toward zero and eventually becomes positive (Na+ channels open and allows Na+ to rush into cell.)

Which cells produce myelin in CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Which cells produce myelin the PNS

Schwann Cells

Cerebrum

2nd largest part of the brain

\-how well movements initiated motor areas are being carried

\-balance, coordination, movement, skill movements

Hypothatlamus

pituitary gland, ANS

\-body temp, senses

\-thirst center/hunger

\-reflexes, body actives

\-produces hormones

Pons

connects parts of brain with one another

Medulla Oblongata

Sensory and motor tracts

\-cardiovascular center

\-rate and forces of heartbeat

\-breathing

Thalamus

sensory impulses/pain

\-regulation functions

\-sorting center

\

corpus callosum

connects hemispheres of brain internally

\-contain broad band of white matter

frontal lobe

**Voluntary** movement

\-memory

\-expressive language

\-emotions

Parietal lobe

Sense of touch

smell

sensory perception

Temporal Lobe

\-memories

\-visual

\-stimuli

\-production of speech

Occipital Lobe

Visual perception

\-distance perception

\-memory formation

\-**process info for vision**

Mouth

analysis of food

\-Chemical digestion of carbs

\-enzyme salivary amylase

\-teeth, tongue, palate =mechanical digestion

esophagus

lines with stratified squamous, prevents abrasion / chemical attack. Transports food from mouth to stomach

stomach

\-Churns food, temporary storage of food, breaks chemicals bonds from acids and enzymes,

\-production of **intrinsic factor**

small intestine

Finishes chemical breakdown of carbs and proteins

Enzymes and buffers contribute

\-duodenum

\-jejunum

\-ileum

Large Intestine

absorb water, makes feces, stores feces material (rectum)

\-transverse colon, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, cecum

Rectum

leads feces outside of body, internal and external anal sphincters guard exit

Liver

metabolic, regulation

\-hematological regulation,

\-production of bile

\-common heptic duct

\-common bile duct

\-cystic duct

Gall Bladder

stores and modifies bile

Pancreas

carries pancreatice juice (enzymes)

Lipases- attack lipids

carbohydrates - digest sugars, and starches

Proteases: break apart protiens

Bicarbonate- neutralizes acidic chyme

Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels

cholecystokinin (CCK); controls production of enzymes

What hormones are secreted in the **Anterior Pituitary** gland

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH), Prolactin (PRL), Human Growth Hormone (hGH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

What hormones are secreted in the **Posterior Pituitary** gland

Oxytocin (OXT), Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

What hormones are secreted in the **Thyroid** gland

Calcitonin, Thyroxine

What hormones are secreted in the **Parathyroid gland**

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

What hormones are secreted in the **Pancreas** gland

Insulin, glucagon

What hormones are secreted in the **Ovaries**

Estrogen and Progesteron,

relaxin

What hormones are secreted in the **Testes**

testosterone and androgens

What hormones are secreted in the **pineal gland**

melatonin

hGH (human growth hormone) effects on body

stims growth

\-synthesis of liver muscle/cartiliage bone

\-secretion insulin like growth factors

PRL (Prolactin)

stims milk production and secreatoin by mammary glands

LH (luteinizing Hormone)

Females: stims secretion of estragon initiates ovulation

Males: sims interstaal cells in tests produce testosterone

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating hormone)

F: development of ocytes includes ovarian secretion

M: stims testes which makes sperm

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

reabsorptoin of water, raises BP, conserves O2 by decreaseing urine volume

OXT oxytocin

F- contracion of uterine musceles during birth mammary glands for milk

M- contraction of prostate

Calcitonin

\-stims bone growth + mineral depostition

thyroxie

maintains metabolism

PTH parathyroid

\-raises plasma -calcium levels by stimming release from bone -increase resorption, -Controls CA2 balance in blood

Insulin

lowers blood glucose levels by accelerating glucose, from blood to cells

glucagon

raises blood glucose levels accelerationg breakdown of glucagon to glucose

estrogen and progesteron

\-regulates female reproductice cycle

-maintain pregnany

\-prepare mammary glands

relaxin

\-increase flexibility of pubic symphasis dilates cervix

testosterone

stims descent of testes

\-masculin secondary sex characteristcs

\-regulates spermatogensis

melatonin

\-make / sleep patterns

cornea

collagen arragned so light doesnt interfere / transpartent

retina

photo receptors that responds to lightc

choroid coat

delievers O2 and nutrients to retina

sclera

eye muscles attach here “white of the eye”

iris

contains blood vessels, smooth muscle controls diameter of pupil

pupil

lets light into eyerod

rods

light sensative : dim areas

cones

color vision : more intense light

glaucoma

abnormally high intraocular pressure due to aqueous humor fluid compresses the lens

cataract

loss of transparency of the lens / cloudy

macular degeneration

retina, pigmental layer. maintain peripheral vision. lose ability to look straight

myopia

near sighted (diverging / concave lens)

hyperopia

farsighted (converging / convex lens)

astigmatim

refraction abnormally where either the cornea or lens has an irregular curveature: out of focus, blurred/distored

Eye disorders

\-glaucoma

\-cataract

\-myopia

\-macular denegeration

\-hyperopia

\-astigmatism

auditory nerve

Equalizes pressure on either side of the ear drum.

gustatory nerve

sensations form tongue, same muscles in face

olfactory nerve

sense of smell

vestibular nerve

receptors respond to gravity and linear reception bends the hair cell

structures in the ear

aurcile (pinna)

\-tympanic membrane

\-auditory ossicles

\-auditory (estachuain) tube

\-semicircular cnalas

\-cochlea

auricle (pinna)

collects and directs sound waves

\

tympanic membrane

eardrum

auditory ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes.

vibrations transmitted to fluid-filled chamber

auditory (eustachian) tubes

equalizes pressure on eardrum

semicircular canals

hair cells respond to rotational movements interprets movements on canals that were stimmed

cochlea

hearing receptors

taste buds

taste hairs, has receptors

olfactory bulbs

sense of smell (pathway to the brain for smell sensations

olfactory tracts

hazards, taste (pathway to the brain for smell sensations)

what are the 5 primary taste sensations

vision, smell, taste, touch, hear

arteries

smooth tissue, with 3 layers carries blood away form the heart to the body

veins

carries blood towards the heart

capillaries

exchange of materials between blood and tissue cells

Red blood cells

**Erythrocyte:** carries blood and Oxygen

White blood cells

**Lymphocytes**: Immunity

Plateltes

**Thrombocytes:** Prevents bleeding

PLasma

**Blood Plasma**. liquid base for whole blood

how may Rh disesse of a new born child occur

after the Rh factor is developed or after the first child it can occur

layers of the heart superfical to deep

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

chordae tendinae

attach to tricuspid valve to papillary muscles

papillary musccles

prevent leakage through the AV valve during **systole**

interventricular septum

accommodates ventricular portion and mechanical function of both ventricles

tricuspid valve

Controls flow of blood from top of hearts right atrium to right ventricle

bicuspid/mitral valve

controls flow of blood for left atrium to left ventricle

pulmonary valve

controls oxygenated blood from heart to lungs

aortic valve

opens to allow blood to leave hart form let ventricle to aorta

sinoatrial SA node

generates electrical signal causes upper heart chambers to contract

atrioventricular AV node

blood moves through so it cant backflow