gender identity

family

• archer: mothers=emotional, fathers= breadwinners, child imitate.

• Oakley:

  • verbal appellations- reminding gender, e.g. good girl.

  • manipulation- encouraging gender-appropriate behaviour.

  • canalisation- gender-appropriate toys

media

• Gill: books teach women importance of appearance

• marsh and Millard: woman saved by men; superhero, Disney.

• storey: Rap music teaches boys to be aggressive

education

• frosh: boys see succeeding in school as feminine.

• ready: teachers expect less of boys- get away with trouble.

peers

• Frosh: boys respect being sporty

• Lees: boys control girls using derogatory language.

work

• Connel: to be a man= breadwinner.

• Nayak: Manual jobs seen as masculine.

• Adkin: women are subordinate at work

religion

miller and hoffman: religion reinforces traditional gender roles