The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue

A set of flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to The Skeletal System and Bone Tissue.

Bone Tissue

A type of connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body.

Bone Remodeling

The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

Hemopoiesis

The process of blood cell production occurring in red bone marrow.

Osteogenesis

The formation of bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

The formation of bone directly from fibrous connective tissue membranes.

Endochondral Ossification

The formation of bone from a hyaline cartilage model.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for forming new bone and remodeling existing bone.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone tissue.

Cartilage

A flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body, including joint surfaces.

Periosteum

A tough membrane covering the entire surface of a bone except at the cartilage.

Medullary Cavity

The central cavity of bone where yellow marrow is stored.

Trabeculae

The supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone.

Calcification

The process of depositing minerals in the bone matrix.

Hydroxyapatite

A mineral form of calcium apatite that gives bone its hardness.

Spongy Bone

Bone that consists of a network of trabeculae and is typically lighter.

Compact Bone

The dense outer layer of bone that provides strength and support.

Lacunae

Small spaces in bone where osteocytes are located.

Canaliculi

Microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone.

Calcium Homeostasis

The regulation of calcium levels in the body.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone that increases calcium levels in the blood by stimulating osteoclast activity.

Calcitonin

Hormone that decreases calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Epiphyseal Plate

Growth plate where the lengthening of long bones occurs.

Appositional Growth

Growth in bone diameter due to the addition of new tissue.

Osteons

The basic structural unit of compact bone, containing a central canal and concentric lamellae.

Bone Callus

A mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site and serves to stabilize the fracture.

Aging Effects on Bone

Loss of mineral density and decreased collagen synthesis leading to brittle bones.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk.

Vitamin D Deficiency

A condition leading to soft bones (osteomalacia) due to inadequate calcium absorption.

Chondrocytes

Cells found in cartilage that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix.

Perichondrium

The layer of connective tissue surrounding cartilage.

Bony Callus Formation

The stage in fracture healing where spongy bone joins the broken ends.

Fracture Hematoma

Blood clot formed at a fracture site during the initial healing phase.

Growth Hormone (hGH)

Hormone crucial for stimulating growth and development of bones.

Factors Affecting Bone Growth

Nutrition, hormones, and physical activity all influence bone development and maintenance.

Soft Callus

The fibrocartilaginous tissue that forms in the early stages of fracture healing.

Nutrient Artery

Blood vessel that supplies nutrients to bone and bone marrow.

Mechanical Stress

Forces applied to bone that stimulate changes in bone density and strength.

Loading Stress

The pressure exerted on bones that can trigger bone remodeling.

Fracture Repair Stages

Stages include hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and remodeling.

Collagen

A protein that gives bone its flexibility and tensile strength.

Haversian Canal

The central channel in an osteon containing blood vessels and nerves.

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Type of tissue from which bone forms in intrinsically membranous ossification.

Bone Marrow

Tissue found in the medullary cavity of bones, involved in blood cell production.

Cancellous Bone

Another term for spongy bone, characterized by a porous structure.

Red Bone Marrow

Type of bone marrow involved in producing red blood cells.

Yellow Bone Marrow

Type of bone marrow that stores fat.

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Stem cells in bone that can differentiate into osteoblasts.

Bone Density

Measure of the amount of mineral matter per square centimeter of bone.

Weight-bearing Exercise

Physical activity that forces the body to work against gravity, which strengthens bones.

Rickets

A childhood disease that results in soft bones due to vitamin D deficiency.

Osteomalacia

Softening of bones in adults due to inadequate calcium or vitamin D.

Bowed Legs

Deformity often resulting from rickets due to weak and soft bones.

Calcium Phosphate

The primary inorganic salt found in bone mineral that contributes to bone hardness.

Scurvy

A disease resulting from vitamin C deficiency affecting collagen formation in bones.