6 mark - explain the similarities / differences between....

Explain two ways the Boxer Rebellion and 1911 Revolution were similar/different

They differ as the Boxer rebellion was an attack against foreigners unlike the 1911 revolution which was against the Qing dynasty. Dowager empress Cixi even encouraged attacks on the ‘foreign devils’ to avoid criticism of imperial rule and supported the Boxers, declaring war (which failed) on the foreigners during the siege of the British legation. However, Cixi was not alive in the 1911 revolution and it was the Qing dynasty who were seen as the main enemy of the people, not the foreigners.

The two differ as the Qing dynasty was still in power during the Boxer rebellion but were overthrown in the 1911 revolution, leaving Yuan Shikai to be the dictator of China. The Boxer rebellion had made the Qing dynasty suffer damage to its reputation, as they failed to get rid of foreigners and were forced to pay reparations of £67 million over the next 39 years. However, there was still imperial rule. The 1911 revolution ended over 2000 years of imperial rule and Qing dynasty in China, with Yuan Shikai convincing the 5 year old emperor Puyi to abdicate on 12 February 1912.

Explain 2 ways GMD and CCP ideology were similar/different

GMD and CCP ideology were similar as they both had common aims that justified the establishment of the United front. Both aimed at destroying and removing the warlords. They wanted to to temple foreigners from China. They also wanted to improve the lives of ordinary Chinese people.

The ideologies differed as the CCP wanted a communist system in China and the GMD wanted nationalism, socialism and democracy. The CCP wanted a system in which all people would be equal across China with the state control of the economy and redistribution of wealth. However, the GMD wanted democracy, with a government elected by the people.

Explain 2 ways the effects of the Sino-Japanese War and the Long March were different

The two effects were different as after the Long March, the CCP were very weak, whereas after the Sino-Japanese war, their power had increased significantly. After the Long March, the CCP only had around 10,000 of the the original 100,000 Red army soldiers had survived and arrived at Yanan, as they were expose to extremely tough conditions like mountain and rivers. However, at the end of the Sino-Japanese War in 1945, the CCP controlled 300,000 square miles and 95 million people which was a significant increase compared to 30,000 square miles and 2 million people in 1937. The CCP’s popularity increased due to their policy of treating the local population with respect and offering land reform to the peasants.

The second reason the two effects were different is that in the Long March, the GMD and CCP fought against each other, but in the Sino-Japanese war, they formed the second United Front, working together to remove the Japanese. The Long March, known as ‘the Great Retreat’ in GMD propaganda, was caused by the surrounding of the CCP in Jiangxi by 500,000 GMD troops in order to starve the communists out, demonstrating that there was great tension between the two sides. However, in the Sino-Japanese war, Chiang formed an alliance with the CCP called the second United front to defeat the Japanese together.

Explain 2 ways in which the lives of the Chinese were similar under the Warlord and Chiang Kai-Shek

The lives of the Chinese were similar as both the Warlords and Chiang did little to improve the lives of the population. The warlords were cruel leaders using violent punishments, like Zang Zongzhang, who split open heads of his opponents which he called 'splitting melons'. They did nothing about the droughts and famine during 1920-21. This brought misery to millions, weakening the control of warlords. Similarly, under Chiang, the GMD treated the peasants violently, killing millions in the year 1930-34 during the extermination campaigns. This meant that the many people turned to revolutionary ideas like communism.

Another similarity was that the Chinese people faced economic problems under control of warlords and Chiang. The warlords controlled their private armies which needed feeding, training and paying. This meant that taxes were raised on peasants and so paper currency lost value as more money was printed by the desperate warlords leading to inflation, collapsing the economy. Similarly, Chiang had printed money to finance his own government. However, this led to high inflation, destroying the savings of the middle class. For example, in 1948, a bowl of soup at Shanghai's Palace hotel cost US$80,000.

Explain 2 ways in which foreign influence were different pre-1911 and 1919-49

Foreign influence was different as pre-1911, foreign powers humiliated China as they aimed to extend this power and wealth whereas during 1919-49, foreign powers helped the Chinese. Pre 1911, Britain had gained wealth as a result of the opium trade and victory the opium wars which meant that the Chinese government was forced to enter treaties that opened 'concession' ports to the west. However, during the Sino-Japanese war, the allies (USA, Soviet Union and Britain) supplied China with resources and funding to he help them defeat Japan.

Another difference was that before 1911, Western powers had brought missionaries and technology to China which were resented by the people. However, during 1919-1949, the Chinese people resented foreign technology and influence less. The Boxer rebellion of 1900 was an anti foreigner attack as the people hated how the 'foreign devils' were changing the usual way of life and attacking traditional religions. However, in 1919-1949, people were more accepting of their influences, such as the Soviet Union funding the CCP with $5000 a year and training Chinese soldiers. The Soviet Union even sent planes during the Sino-Japanese war .

Explain 2 ways in which the Northern Expedition and the Sino-Japanese war were similar

They were similar as during both the Northern Expedition and Sino-Japanese war, the CCP and GMD worked together in what was called the United front. During the Northern Expedition, the GMD and CCP had common aims such as to destroy the warlords, expel foreigners from China and to improve lives of ordinary Chinese people. The first United front was successful as its army heavily outnumbered the individual warlord armies, and so the warlords were defeated. Similarly in the Sino-Japanese war, the GMD and CCP worked together in the second United front with a common goal: the removal of Japan from China.

Another similarity was that after both these events, there was conflict between the CCP and GMD. After the northern expedition, Chiang Kai-she's arranged the massacre of 5000 communists in the Shanghai massacres as he was concerned about the CCP gaining too much popularity (for the CCP treated the peasants, which made up 95% of the population, with respect during the northern expedition). Similarly, after the Sino-Japanese war, the civil war in China broke out as the CCP and GMD both wanted control of China. Fighting between both sides continued until the CCP, led by Mao, finally won.

Explain 2 ways the position of the CCP was different in 1921 compared to 45

The position of the CCP was different as in 1921, the CCP had just formed whereas in 1945, they were a powerful force in the Sino-Japanese war. On June 1921, the CCP was founded in a secret girls' school in Shanghai with only 50 members and 12 in the leadership of the party, one of them being Mao Zedong. However, by 1945, the party membership had increased to 1.2 million thanks to their policy of treating the local population with respect and offered land reform.

The positions of the CCP was also different as in 1921, the CCP worked with the GMD to overthrow the warlords but in 1945, they were fighting for the removal of Japan from China. In 1921, the soldiers fought by surrounding the enemy's troops. However, when fighting the Japanese in 1945, CCP a demonstrated guerrilla tactics which was very successful. The CCP's 'Hundred Regiments Offensive' had been very successful on showing their determination to defeat Japan. Mao even claimed that his strategy and the Communists had saved China from Japan.

Explain 2 ways in which China was ruled in 1926 was different to how it was ruled in 1900

China was ruled differently as in the 1900, China was ruled by an imperial system meaning one emperor was in control, but in 1926, China was ruled by many leaders known as the warlords. In the 1900, China was United under the Qing dynasty and had been ruled by imperial dynasties for around 2000 years. However, in 1926, China was ruled by different warlords who controlled their own provinces, and fought one another.

China was ruled differently as in the 1900, there were no political parties, but in 1926, the GMD and CCP had formed. In the 1900, people believed in the 'Mandate of Heaven'. This suggested that fate had chosen the emperor, and this should be

respected as part of the world's natural order. However, by 1926, the CCP who wanted bring a communist system to China and the GMD, who wanted nationalism, socialism and democracy, had formed.

Explain 2 ways Mao and Deng's economic policies were different

Mao’s economic policies were in line with communist ideology whereas Deng’s were more capitalist. Under Mao, industry was nationalised, establishing a socialist society. Private owned businesses came to an end and all businesses were taken over by the state. Private property and profits were removed as well. However, Deng allowed private profit and cooperating with foreign investors. Therefore, peasants could buy and sell for profit and there were 44,000 private markets by 1983.

The policies were different as Mao’s failed greatly whereas Deng’s less. During Mao’s Great Leap Forward, collectivisation failed and so 50 million died in famine. Furthermore, production in business decreased, as without the profit motive there was no reason to work hard. However, under Deng, exports increased by 500% by the 1990s, due to the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) which were private businesses that were run to make profits.

Explain 2 similarities between 1st five year plan (1952-57) and the Great Leap Forward (1958-62)

The first similarity was that they both increased industrial output.

- During the First Five Year plan (1952-57), coal production doubled, electricity output increased by 3 times, and steel production increased by 4 times.

- Similarly, the Great Leap Forward led to significant increases in coal, cement, wood and fertiliser output and 11 million tonnes of steel had been produced in 1958.

The second similarity was that in both, the population of China were willing to work hard to achieve goals.

- In the First Five Year Plan, the hard work of the population led to impressive achievements, like the construction of a road and rail bridge across the Yangzi River at Nanjing.

- Similarly in the Great Leap Forward, the population were so enthusiastic that they decided to use manual labour, digging out the soil by hand instead of using mechanical diggers.

- Furthermore, the whole of China was involved in the campaign to produce steel, so 600,000 backyard furnaces were set up in family backyards. These factors demonstrated the population's willingness to support both plans.

Explain 2 differences between 1st five year plan and Great Leap Forward

The first difference was that the First Five Year Plan succeeded but the Great Leap Forward failed.

- the achievements of the First Five Year plan was impressive. Coal production doubled, electric power output tripled and steel production quadrupled. The results were impressive enough for Mao to launch the more ambitious Great Leap Forward plan, confidently .

- however, the outcomes of the Great Leap Forward were unimpressive. Collectivisation had failed, resulting in 50 million deaths in the famine. The steel produced in the backyard furnaces was of poor quality and had to be thrown away - only steel produced in factories could be used in industry. There was no profit motive as private property and profits were ended, so production in businesses decreased.

The second difference was that during the First Five Year Plan, Soviet experts came to help modernise industry. However, in 1960, during the Great Leap Forward, they left.

- during the first five year plan, hundred of Soviet advisers and specialists were welcomed into China to provide knowledge and expertise needed for Mao to launch his industrial programme

- however, during the Great Leap Forward, Mao wanted to bring an end to China's dependence on the Soviet Union, something he called 'walking on two legs'. Therefore, the Soviet experts left in 1960. However, the Chinese were not yet sufficiently trained to manage without them so industry struggled.

Explain 2 ways in which the treatment of party members in the cultural Revolution (1966-76) was similar to their treatment in the anti-rightists campaigns of the 1950s

The treatment of party members were similar as opposition of Mao endured harsh punishments.

- in the anti-rightists campaign, critics of Mao were labelled as 'rightists'. There were forced to confess evil thoughts before being sent to re education camps for sentences up to 20 years. It is estimated that 3/4 of a million (750,000) CCP members were sentenced to receive punishments.

- similarly in the Cultural Revolution, Mao believed many CCP members were revisionists who were financially motivated and so needed to be removed in order to not return to the class system seen under the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, many party members were purged using the Red Guards. It is estimated that by 1969, more than 70% of provincial and National party officials and 60% or highest travel officials in the party had been removed.

The second similarity was that leading members of the party faced harsh punishments in both.

- in the anti-rightists campaign, Peng Dehuai was denounced and replaced as Defence minister by Lin Biao in 1959. This was because Peng had criticised the famine.

- similarly in the Cultural Revolution, Mao believed leading party members such as Liu Shaoqui and Deng Xiaoping were conspiring to remove him from power. Therefore, Liu Shaoqui was arrested and imprisoned. He died of lung disease pneumonia in 1969 as Mao has refused to allow him to be treated in hospital. Deng was forced out of office but survived thanks to the support of Zhou Enlai.

Explain 2 similarities between 4th may movement (1919) and Tianmen square incident (1989)

The first similarity between the 4th may movement and Tianmen square incident was that they were initially both Student led protests.

- students were upset that Japan was to be given German possession in the Shandong province. The movement demanded that the principle of national self-determination to be applied to China - to stand up against Japanese demanding for further control over Chinese territory

- similarly in the Tianmen square protest, students protested against the high rents and prices that had been caused by the governments economic reforms. Furthermore, they were angry by the way the government placed control on what they were allowed to study and which books they could read

- both initially started with students but grew to involve the wider population. The May the fourth movement spread to other strikes and protests in other cities and in the Tianmen square incident, the wider population joined the protests, blocking roads and preventing military forces from entering Tianmen Square. Transport workers even allowed students to travel for free to Brining on public transport.

The second similarity was that in both, the students demanded for democracy.

- in the May the Fourth Movement, a new set of ideas were developed known as the New Tide, which included freedom, democracy and equal rights. These ideas inspired revolutionary groups to fight to achieve unity and independence for China in the 1920s.

- in the Tianmen square incident, students called for the introduction of democracy in China and free speech as they wanted to end the 'dictatorship' of the CCP

Explain. 2 differences between 4th may movement and Tianmen square incident

The first difference was that the May the Fourth Movement was against the the Treaty of Versailles but the Tianmen square incident was against poor living conditions of the students.

- the May the fourth Movemtn was driven by news that Japan was to be given German possession in the Shandong province. The movement t demanded that the principle of national self-determination be applied to China - to stand up against Japanese demanding for further control over Chinese territory

- however, the Tianmen square incident was initially against the poor conditions which the students lived and the high rents and prices that had been caused but the government's economic reforms. Furthermore, they were angry by the way the government placed control on what they were allowed to study and which books they could read

The second difference was that no one was killed in the May the Fourth Movement but thousands were killed in the Tianmen square incident (brutal force was used by government in Tianmen square incident)

- the May the Fourth movement was a protest of 3000 students in Tianmen square. The government actually acted for the people, refusing to sign the treaty

- in the Tianmen Square incident, the number of protesters became so great that 350,000 PLA soldiers surrounded the square under orders of the government on the 2nd of June 1989 and the government announced that the square would be cleared by the following morning. Thousands of protesters were killed and many were wounded. In the weeks that followed, suspects were arrested and sentenced to prison

Explain 2 ways in which the way Mao dealt with political opposition was similar to the way Deng dealt with political opposition

The way Mao and Deng dealt with political opposition was similar as both used violence to remove opposition.

- during the anti-rightists campaign, Mao sent critics which he labelled as 'rightists', to re-education camps for sentences up to 20 years. It is estimated that around 3/4 of a million members were victims of this. Furthermore, during the Cultural Revolution, Mao took advantage of the Red Guards to purge 'self-satisfied' officials who he believed would bring back the class system seen under the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, by 1969, more than 70% of National and provincial officials had been removed

- similarly under Deng, thousands of student protesters were killled in the Tianmen square incident as tanks and armoured vehicles opened fire on them from the night of 3 June 1989 to the next morning, on the 4 June. In the weeks that followed, suspects were arrested and sentenced to prison

Another similarity was that both Mao and Deng removed leading members of the Party who expressed opposing views.

- during the anti-rightists campaign, Peng Dehuai was was denounced and replaced as Defence Minister by Lin Biao because he had criticised the famine. Furthermore, during the Cultural Revolution, Mao removed leading ,embers of the CCP, including Liu Shaoqui and Deng Xiaoping. This was because he thought they were conspiring to remove him from power. Liu was arrested and imprisoned and died of lung disease pneumonia as Mao refused to allow his to be treated in hospital. Deng was removed from office but managed to survive the cultural Revolution thanks to the support of Zhou Enlai.

- similarly, during the Drmocracy wall and protests, Hu Yaobang was sacked as general secretary of the party for he seemed to show sympathy for the students by criticising the slow pace of reform. His death in April 1989 reminded the students who gathered in Tianmen square the corrupt manner of the government and so his death death became one of the causes for the Tianmen square incident.

Explain. 2 ways in which the treatment of party members in the CR （cultural revolution ) was similar to their treatment in the anti-rightists campaign in the 1950s

Explain 2 ways in which Chinese industry in 1960 was different from Chinese industry in 1949

The first difference between Chinese industry in 1960 and 1949 was that in 1949, industry output was very low, but in 1960, it had increased due to the Great Leap Forward.

- in 1949, Chinese industrial output has declined by 75% since 1937, leading to unemployment. Over 80% of the population were agricultural workers and there were very little industrial workers

- however, in 1960, there were significant rises in production including 11 million tonnes of steel produced and significant rises in coal, wood, cement and fertiliser

- furthermore, collectivisation of agriculture meant there was a significant increase in supply of food for the urban workers and also provided surplus that was exported abroad to fund industry

The second difference was that in 1949, there was a lack of infrastructure and institutions that would allow modernisation of industry. It also heavily relied on the Soviet Union for support, for it had provided military advisers to the communists during its struggle against the GMD during the Civil war. However, in 1960, massive projects such as bridges, canals and dams had been constructed. Mao even ended it's dependence on the Soviet Union, with its experts leaving in 1960.

Explain 2 ways in which Chinese agriculture in 1960 was different from Chinese agriculture in 1949

The first difference was the ownership of land. In 1949, landlords owned the land and it was in 1950 that land was given back to the peasants through the Agrarian Land Reforms Law. However, in 1960, agriculture had been collectivised and changed from APCs to collectives. Collectives were farms made up of 2000-3000 households and there was no private ownership - all the land, animals and equipment belonged to the collective. These collectives were essential in increasing the food supply for urban workers.

The second difference was that in 1949, food production was down by 25% leading to chronic food shortages due to large arras of agricultural land being ravaged in the fighting during the Civil War. However, this was incomparable to the the death of 50 million during the great famine (1956-62), caused by the failure of collectivisation. The worst hit area was Tibet, where over 1 million people died: a quarter of the population.

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