Psych Midterm 2

content from 1/21 to 2/11

Memory chain

encoding, storage, retrieval

false memory

retrieval of an event that never happened

imagination inflation

boost in confidence associated with imagining misleading information

shallow encoding

reliance on appearance to encode memory

deep encoding

relies on processing information going beyond appearance to involve significance/meaning

sensory memory

very limited duration, more recalling to senses

working memory

memory through rehearsal, not long term

implicit long term memory

things you just know that might be difficult to articulate

explicit long term memory

memories of facts and specific events

chunking

grouping separate stimuli into meaningful categories

priming

process where previous exposure to a stimulus enhances that persons response when the stimulus is presented again

free recall

information accessed without any cues

self-actualization

desire to live ones life to the fullest

reappraisal

changing an emotional response by changing the meaning of a situation

suppression

decreasing the emotion shown on ones face or their behavior

The hedonic perspective of happiness

happiness is a state of subjective well-being that involves frequent positive emotion and infrequent negative emotion

the eudaimonic perspective of happiness

happiness is an overall sense of one’s life as satisfying and meaningful

instrumental emotional regulation

the cultivation of emotions that are useful in each situation

Three types of learning

classical, operant, observational

classical conditioning

noticing and responding to associations between stimuli

operant conditioning

noticing and responding to associations between actions and consequences

observational conditioning

learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates a model

non-associative learning

increased or decreased response to repeated stimuli

associative learning

making connections between stimuli and behavioral responses

ABCs of operant conditioning

antecedents, behavior, consequences

positive reinforcement

frequency of behavior increases because it is followed by a reinforcing stimulus

negative reinforcement

increases the probability of behavior by removing or avoiding an outcome

positive punishment

stimulus is presented to decrease likelihood of behavior

negative punishment

decreases behavior by removing a stimulus

continuous reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

partial reinforcement schedule

behavior is only rewarded part of the time

shaping

a technique for gradually changing behavior towards some desired target

culture cycle

ideas, institutions, interactions, individuals