fixed OOP final

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

A style of programming focused on the use of classes and class hierarchies

Polymorphism

The provision of a single interface to multiple derived classes, enabling the same method call to invoke different derived methods to generate different results

Inheritance

Reuse and extension of fields and method implementations from another class

Encapsulation

Bundling data and code into a restricted container

Abstraction

Specifying a general interface while hiding implementation details

Primitive type

A data type that can typically be handled directly by the underlying hardware

Enumerated type

A data type that includes a fixed set of constant values called enumerators

Class

A template encapsulating data and code that manipulates it

Interface

A reference type containing only method signatures, default methods, static methods, constants, and nested types

Instance

An encapsulated bundle of data and code (e.g., an instance of a program is a process; an instance of a class is an object)

Object

An instance of a class containing a set of encapsulated data and associated methods

Variable

A block of memory associated with a symbolic name that contains a primitive data value or the address of an object instance

Operator

A short string representing a mathematical, logical, or machine control action

Reference Counter

A managed memory technique that tracks the number of references to allocated memory, so that the memory can be freed when the count reaches zero

Garbage Collector

A program that runs in managed memory systems to free unreferenced memory

Field

A class member variable

Constructor

A special class member that creates and initializes an object from the class

Destructor

A special class member that cleans up when an object is deleted (not supported by Java)

Method

A function that manipulates data in a class

Getter

A method that returns the value of a private variable

Setter

A method that changes the value of a private variable

Multiple Inheritance

A subclass inheriting class members from two or more superclasses

Superclass

The class from which members are inherited

Subclass

The class inheriting members

Abstract Class

A class that cannot be instantiated

Abstract Method

A method declared with no implementation

Override

A subclass replacing its superclass’ implementation of a method

Declaration

A statement that introduces a name with an associated type into a scope

Definition

A declaration that also fully specifies the entity declared

Shadowing

A variable declared in a narrower scope than that of a variable of the same name in a broader scope

Namespace

A named scope

Package

A grouping of related types providing access protection and namespace management

Generic Programming

Writing algorithms in terms of types that are specified as parameters during instantiation or invocation

Generic

A Java construct representing a method or class in terms of generic types

Java Class Library

A library of algorithms focused on organizing code and data as Java generics

Collection

An object that stores and manages other objects

Iterator

A pointer-like abstraction referring to elements of a collection

Algorithm

A procedure for solving a specific problem, expressed as an ordered set of actions

Stack

Scratch memory for a thread of execution

Heap

Memory shared by all threads of execution for dynamic allocation

Global

Memory for static fields (and in C++, non-scoped variables)

Code

Read-only memory for machine instructions

Concurrency

Performing two or more algorithms simultaneously

Process

A self-contained execution environment including its own memory space

Thread

An independent path of execution within a process running concurrently with other threads

Reentrant

An algorithm that can pause while executing, then safely be executed by a different thread

Mutex

An object that prevents two properly written threads from concurrently accessing a shared resource

Synchronized

The ability to control the access of multiple threads to any shared resource

Exception

An object representing an error or unusual occurrence, propagated until caught

Assertion

An expression that, if false, indicates a program error

Invariant

Code for which specified assertions are guaranteed to be true

Data Validation

Ensuring that a program operates on clean, correct, and useful data

Validation Rules

Algorithmically enforceable constraints on correctness, meaningfulness, and security of input data

Version Control

The task of keeping a system consisting of many versions well organized

Branch

A second distinct development path within the same version control system

Fork

A distinct and independent development path (often by another organization) to create a unique product

Baseline

A reference point in a version control system indicating completion/approval of a product release

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

The standard visual modeling language for describing, specifying, designing, and documenting object-oriented systems

Class Hierarchy

Defines the inheritance relationships between a set of classes

Class Library

A collection of classes designed to be used together efficiently