Chapter 22 (Respiratory System)

Respiratory System (Main Function)

Organ system that takes in air and expels it from the body

____________ refers to ventilation of the lungs (breathing)

Respiration

Respiratory System (Other Functions) (9)

Gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance, blood pressure regulation, blood and lymph flow, platelet production, blood filtration and expulsion of abdominal contents

Gas Exchange (Function in Respiratory System)

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between blood and air

Communication (Function in Respiratory System)

Speech and other vocalizations

Olfaction (Function in Respiratory System)

Sense of smell

Acid-Base Balance (Function in Respiratory System)

Influences pH of body fluids by eliminating carbon dioxide

Blood pressure regulation (Function in Respiratory System)

Assists with synthesis of angiotensin ll; a hormone that regulates blood pressure

Blood and Lymph Flow (Function in Respiratory System)

Breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen that promote flow of lymph and blood

Platelet Production (Function in Respiratory System)

More than half of platelets are made by megakaryocytes in lungs (not in bone marrow)

Blood Filtration (Function in Respiratory System)

Lungs filter small clots

Expulsion of Abdominal Contents (Function in Respiratory System)

Breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, and childbirth

Principal Organs of the Respiratory System

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Conducting Zone (Function)

Passages that serve only for airflow (no gas exchange)

Conducting Zone (Location)

Nostrils through major bronchioles

Respiratory Zone (Function)

Regions that participate in gas exchange

Respiratory Zone (Location)

Alveoli and nearby structures

Upper Respiratory Tract (Description)

Airway from nose through larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract (Description)

Regions from trachea through lungs

What is the general structure and length of the pharynx?

Muscular funnel extending about 13 cm from posterior nasal apertures to larynx

3 Regions of Pharynx

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx (Location)

Posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate

Nasopharynx receives _________ _____ and contains ____________ ________.

Auditory tubes; pharyngeal tonsil

Nasopharynx has a 90 (degree) downward turn _____ _____ particles.

traps large

Oropharynx (Description)

Space between soft palate and epiglottis; contains palatine tonsils

Laryngopharynx (Description)

Posterior to larynx; from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

Where does the Esophagus begin?

Laryngopharynx

Pharynx (Tissue)

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx (Tissue)

Stratified squamous epithelium

Pharynx Muscles (Function)

Assist in swallowing and speech

What structure only passes air in the Pharynx?

Nasopharynx

What structures pass air, food, and drink in the Pharynx?

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Larynx is what type of chamber?

Cartilaginous

Larynx (Primary Function)

Keep food and drink out of airway (protection)

Larynx (Other Functions)

Production of Sound

What is commonly called the “voice box”?

Larynx

Epiglottis (Location)

Larynx

Epiglottis (Description)

Flap of tissue that guards superior opening of larynx

Epiglottis at rest, stands almost ________.

Vertically

Epiglottis during swallowing, _________ muscles pull ______ upward.

Extrinsic; larynx

_____ pushes epiglottis down to meet it.

Tongue

Epiglottis (Function)

Closes airway and directs food to esophagus

__________ _____ of the larynx play greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway.

Vestibular folds

How Many Cartilages Make Up Framework of Larynx?

9

What are the first three cartilages of larynx that are solitary and relatively large?

Epiglottic, Thyroid, and Cricoid

Epiglottic Cartilage

Most superior; spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis

Thyroid Cartilage

Shield shaped and largest laryngeal cartilage; contains laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

Adam’s Apple is larger in males because?

Testosterone stimulates growth

Cricoid Cartilage

Ring-like shape; connects larynx to trachea

Trachea (Description)

Tube that connects larynx to bronchi

Commonly called the “windpipe”?

Trachea

Trachea is ________ to Esophagus.

Anterior

The 16 to 20 C-shaped rings that support the Trachea are made of _______ cartilage; prevent what?

Hyaline; prevent collapse during inhalation

What allows Esophagus to expand as swallowed food passes by?

Openings in cartilage rings

Trachealis Muscle (Function)

Contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow

Carina (Description)

Lowermost tracheal cartilage has internal median ridge

Trachea (Tissue)

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

3 Types of Cells in the Trachea?

Mucus-secreting cells, ciliated cells, and stem cells

Mucociliary Escalator (Description)

Mechanism for debris removal

Mucociliary Escalator (Mechanism)

Mucus traps inhaled particles, upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed

Connective tissue beneath the _______ epithelium contains lymphoid nodules, _____ and _____ glands, and the _______ cartilages

Tracheal; mucous; serous; tracheal

Outermost Layer of Trachea

Adventitia

Adventitia of Trachea (Tissue)

Fibrous connective tissue

Tracheotomy

To make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow

What does Tracheotomy Prevent?

Asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction

Potential Problems of Tracheotomy?

Inhaled air bypasses the nasal cavity and is hot humidified; If left for long, will dry out mucous membranes; Become encrusted and interfere with clearance of mucus from tract, thereby promoting infection

Intubation

When a patient is on a ventilator, air is introduced directly into the trachea

During Intubation air must be?

Filtered and humidified

What type of organ is each lung?

Conical Organ

Base (Lung)

Broad concave portion resting on the diaphragm

Apex (Lung)

Tip that projects just above the clavicle

Costal Surface (Lung)

Pressed against the ribcage

Mediastinal surface

Faces medially toward the heart

Hilum (Lung)

Slit through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Structures near hilum constitute ____ of lung.

Root

True/False: The left and right lungs are symmetrical.

False

Why is right lung shorter then the left lung?

Because liver rises higher on the right side of body

Horizontal Fissure

Separates superior and middle lobes

Oblique fissure

Separates middle and inferior lobes

How many lobes does right lung have?

3 (superior, middle, and inferior)

Why is the left lung taller and narrower than the right lung?

Because the heart tilts toward the left and occupies more space on this side of the mediastinum

The left lung features an indentation to accommodate the heart, which is known as the ______ ______.

Cardiac impression

How many lobes does left lung have?

2 (superior and inferior)

Bronchial Tree

A branching system of air tubes in each lung

Approximately how many terminal bronchioles are at the end of the bronchial tree?

65,000

Where do the main (primary) bronchi originate?

Fork of trachea

Right Main Bronchus V.S. Left Main Bronchus

Wider and more vertical

Which main bronchus is shorter?

Right

Which main bronchus is wider and more vertical?

Right

Where are foreign objects most likely to be lodged?

Right main bronchus

Bronchi Order

Main - Lobar - Segmental

How many segmental bronchi in right and left lung?

10 in right lung, 8 in left lung

Bronchopulmonary Segment

Functionally independent unit of lung ventilated by segmental bronchus

What supports main bronchi?

Rings of hyaline cartilage

Bronchi (Tissue)

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What happens as bronchi move distally?

Cells grow shorter and the epithelium thinner

Lamina propria (Abundance)

Mucosa glands and lymphoid nodules (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT)

All divisions of bronchial tree have a large amount of?

Elastic connective tissue

Elastic connective tissue (Bronchi)

Contributes to recoil during respiration

Bronchial Tree (Mucosa)

Well-developed layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae