Chapter 7 AP World History Vocab

Turkification

A process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society

Bolshevik

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Communists

People who seek the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all private property

Young Turks

Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Kemal Ataturk

Father of the Turks, saved Turkey from being carved up Post WWI, helped to modernize through industrialization

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Chinese Nationalist Party

(Kuomintang) formed by the ideas of Sun Yat-sen

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Reparations

Payment for war damages

Arms Race

Competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments

Conscription

A military draft

Stalemate

A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

Propaganda

Information of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat in 1915. 128 Americans died.

Zimmerman Telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

Gallipoli Campaign

This was a British military attack in 1915 during World War I against the Ottoman Empire at Dardanelles', to bring supplies to Russia. The mission failed.

Paris Peace Conference

1919, meeting of the Allies at the end of WWI, concluded with Treaty of Versailles

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Weimar Republic

Government of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Economic crisis and political instability led to the collapse of the republic

Maxim Gun

First fully automatic machine gun; item of technology that helped Europeans conquer Africa

U-Boat

German submarine

Inflation

A general and progressive increase in prices

Deficit spending

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes

Collectivize

Bring under central government control

Great Depression

Economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

New Economic Plan

Plan implemented by Lenin that allowed some private ownership of businesses and small plots of land.

Five-Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Politiburo

The executive committee and chief policy making body of a communist party

Fascism

Political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Luftwaffe

German air force before and during World War II

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

Gulag

A system of brutal labor camps in the Soviet Union

Russian Civil War

1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Censorship

Restriction on access to ideas and information

Benito Mussolini

Italian leader founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected.

Hypernationalism

Extreme nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one's nation

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Mandate System

The plan to allow Britain and France to administer former Ottoman territories, put into place after the end of the First World War.

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)

Leader of the Kuomintang Nationalists; when he lost the Chinese Civil War he had to flee to Taiwan

Pan-Arabism

A movement that calls for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government.. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi

Long March

A 6,000-mile journey made in 1934-1935 by Chinese Communists fleeing from the Nationalist forces

Palestine

A territory in the Middle East on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Disputed with Israel.

Amritsar Massacre

Incident in 1919 in which British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of Indians

Jomo Kenyatta

Nationalist who helped lead Kenya to independence

May 4th Movement

1919 Movement symbolizing China's growing nationalism and demand for democracy.

Salt March

Gandhi led a march over 240 miles to protest the British monopoly on salt in India

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Leader of the Muslim League and first president of Pakistan.

Manchukuo

Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

As announced in 1940 by Japan's prime minister, the area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Sudetenland

An area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Rome-Berlin Axis

1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other.

Nazis

Hitler's National Socialist Party

Reichstag

Parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building)

Third Reich

The Third Republic of Germany which began Hitler's rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat in 1945

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany

Anti-Semitism

Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Aryans

People seen as the master race under Hitler's rule

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war

Scientific Racism

19th century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Rhineland

Region between Germany and France demilitarized by Treaty of Versailles; Hitler occupied and fortified the region

Vichy

French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans.

Lend-Lease Act

The laws passed by the U.S. allowing us to give aid to our Allies in early WWII

Battle of Britain

A series of battles between German and British air forces, fought over Britain in 1940-1941

Siege of Leningrad

German blockade in 1941-42 in Russia resulted in death of 1,000,000 Russian civilians

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Battle of Stalingrad

(1942) World War II battle between invading German forces and Soviet defenders for control of the city; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war

Battle of Midway

The turning point in the Pacific; fought in June, 1942

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others