Chapter 6: Skeletal System Lab

SKELETAL

TOPIC: HEAD / NECK / VIEW : ANTERIOR

Cervical vertebra

Clavicle

Frontal bone

Mandible

Manubrium

Maxilla

Nasal bone

Orbit

Rib 1

Scapula

Skull

Sphenoid bone

Thoracic vertebra

Zygomatic bone

Cervical vertebra

Location:

• Neck

• Between occipital bone and T1 vertebra

Description:

• Seven individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include transverse foramen and bifid (split) spinous process on C3-C6

Comment:

• Atlas (C1 vertebra) articulates with skull

Clavicle

Location:

• Junction of neck and anterior thorax

Description:

• Subcutaneous, S-shaped bone

• Medial end articulates with sternum at sternoclavicular joint

• Lateral end articulates with acromion of scapula at acromioclavicular joint

Also known as:

• "Collar bone"

Frontal bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior superior part)

Description:

• Unpaired, irregular-shaped, flat bone

• Forms forehead, roof of orbits, and most of anterior cranial fossa

• Contains frontal air sinuses

Comment:

• Articulates with parietal bone at coronal suture and sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture

Mandible

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• U-shaped bone

• Each side consists of body (horizontal) and ramus (vertical) with coronoid and condylar processes

• Mental protuberance forms point of chin

• Contains alveoli ("sockets") for teeth

Also known as:

• "Lower jaw"

Comment:

• Contributes to temporomandibular joint (TMJ

Manubrium

Location:

• Sternum

Description:

• Triangular shape

• Superior part of sternum

• Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 1-2 and clavicles

Comment:

• Provides attachment for sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis major muscles

Maxilla

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• Paired, irregular-shaped bone

• Left and right maxillae unite to form "upper jaw"

• Contains alveoli ("sockets") for teeth

• Contains maxillary air sinus on each side

Also known as:

• "Upper jaw"

Comment:

• Forms part of floor of orbit and anterior part of hard palate

• Contributes to upper face

Nasal bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• Small, paired bone

• Articulates at midline with nasal bone from opposite side

Also known as:

• "Bridge of nose"

Comment:

• Forms bony part of nose

Orbit

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

• Lateral to nasal cavity

Description:

• Pyramidal space with roof, floor, and medial and lateral walls

• Roof: frontal and sphenoid bones

• Floor: palatine and zygomatic bones, and maxilla

• Lateral wall: zygomatic, sphenoid, and frontal bones

• Medial wall: ethmoid and lacrimal bones, and maxilla

• Openings include superior and inferior orbital fissures, and optic canal

Also known as:

• Eye socket

Comment:

• Contains eyeball and its muscles; cranial nerves II, III, IV, V1, and VI; vasculature; lacrimal apparatus; and fat

Rib 1

Location:

• Thorax

Description:

• A true rib (shortest)

• Articulates with T1 vertebra and, via its costal cartilage, with manubrium of sternum

• Subclavian artery and vein groove superior surface

Comment:

• All ribs: articulate with thoracic vertebra

• True ribs (ribs 1-7): attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages

• False ribs (ribs 8-10): attach indirectly to sternum via shared costal cartilages

• Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum

• Alternate definition: some include the floating ribs (11-12) as a subcategory of false ribs

Scapula

Location:

• Posterior thorax

• Overlies ribs 2-7

Description:

• Large, triangular, flat bone

• Characteristic features include spine, acromion, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity

Skull

Location:

• Head

Description:

• Paired and unpaired bones divided into cranial and facial
  groups

• Cranial group: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal (2), occipital, and temporal bones (2)

• Facial group: maxilla, mandible, vomer, nasal (2), lacrimal (2), and zygomatic bones (2)

Sphenoid bone

Location:

• Skull

Description:

• Unpaired, irregular-shaped bone

• Shape resembles a butterfly

• Consists of body, and greater and lesser wings

Comment:

• Contributes to middle cranial fossa, nasal cavities, orbits, and lateral skull (temples)

• Contains sella turcica ("Turkish saddle"), sphenoidal air sinus, and many foramina

Thoracic vertebra

Location:

• Trunk

• Between C7 and L1 vertebrae

Description:

• 12 individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include costal demifacets (or facets) for articulation with head of rib, spinous process slopes inferiorly, and heart-shaped vertebral body

Zygomatic bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior and lateral)

Description:

• Paired, irregular-shaped bone

• Temporal process contributes to zvaomatic arch

Also known as:

• "Cheekbone"

Comment:

• Forms part of floor and lateral wall of orbit

SKELETAL

TOPIC: HEAD / NECK / VIEW : LATERAL

Cervical vertebra

Clavicle

Frontal bone

Hyoid bone

Intervertebral disc

Mandible

Manubrium

Maxilla

Nasal bone

Parietal bone

Rib 1

Scapula

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

Cervical vertebra

Location:

• Neck

• Between occipital bone and T1 vertebra

Description:

• Seven individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include transverse foramen and bifid (split) spinous process on C3-C6

Comment:

• Atlas (C1 vertebra) articulates with skull

Clavicle

Location:

• Junction of neck and anterior thorax

Description:

• Subcutaneous, S-shaped bone

• Medial end articulates with sternum at sternoclavicular joint

• Lateral end articulates with acromion of scapula at acromioclavicular joint

Also known as:

• "Collar bone"

Frontal bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior superior part)

Description:

• Unpaired, irregular-shaped, flat bone

• Forms forehead, roof of orbits, and most of anterior cranial fossa

• Contains frontal air sinuses

Comment:

• Articulates with parietal bone at coronal suture and sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture

Hyoid bone

Location:

• Anterior neck

• Between thyroid cartilage and mandible

Description:

• U-shaped bone

• Paired projections (greater and lesser horns) on each side

Comment:

• Attached structures include stylohyoid ligament, suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, and extrinsic tongue muscles

• Does not articulate with any other bone

Intervertebral disc

Location:

• Between vertebral bodies (C2 to S1)

Description:

• Outer part: anulus fibrous consisting of a fibrocartilage ring

• Inner part: nucleus pulposus composed of mucoid material

Comment:

• No disk between atlas (C1 vertebra) and axis (C2 vertebra)

Mandible

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• U-shaped bone

• Each side consists of body (horizontal) and ramus (vertical) with coronoid and condylar processes

• Mental protuberance forms point of chin

• Contains alveoli ("sockets") for teeth

Also known as:

• "Lower jaw"

Comment:

• Contributes to temporomandibular joint (TMJ

Manubrium

Location:

• Sternum

Description:

• Triangular shape

• Superior part of sternum

• Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 1-2 and clavicles

Comment:

• Provides attachment for sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis major muscles

Maxilla

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• Paired, irregular-shaped bone

• Left and right maxillae unite to form "upper jaw"

• Contains alveoli ("sockets") for teeth

• Contains maxillary air sinus on each side

Also known as:

• "Upper jaw"

Comment:

• Forms part of floor of orbit and anterior part of hard palate

• Contributes to upper face

Nasal bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• Small, paired bone

• Articulates at midline with nasal bone from opposite side

Also known as:

• "Bridge of nose"

Comment:

• Forms bony part of nose

Parietal bone

Location:

• Skull (lateral)

Description:

• Paired, flat bone

• Forms most of lateral skull

Comment:

• Parietal bones articulate at sagittal suture (midline)

• Articulates with frontal bone at coronal suture, occipital bone at lambdoid suture, and temporal bone at squamosal suture

Rib 1

Location:

• Thorax

Description:

• A true rib (shortest)

• Articulates with T1 vertebra and, via its costal cartilage, with manubrium of sternum

• Subclavian artery and vein groove superior surface

Comment:

• All ribs: articulate with thoracic vertebra

• True ribs (ribs 1-7): attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages

• False ribs (ribs 8-10): attach indirectly to sternum via shared costal cartilages

• Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum

• Alternate definition: some include the floating ribs (11-12) as a subcategory of false ribs

Scapula

Location:

• Posterior thorax

• Overlies ribs 2-7

Description:

• Large, triangular, flat bone

• Characteristic features include spine, acromion, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity

Temporal bone

Location:

• Skull (lateral and inferior)

Description:

• Paired, irregular-shaped, flat bone

• Consists of squamous, petrous, mastoid, and tympanic parts

Comment:

• Forms part of lateral skull (temple)

• Forms inferior and lateral walls of middle cranial fossa

• Articulates with sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture, occipital bone at lambdoid suture, and parietal bone at squamosal suture

• Has mandibular fossa that forms temporomandibular joint with head of mandible

• Forms zygomatic process that forms zygomatic arch with temporal process of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior and lateral)

Description:

• Paired, irregular-shaped bone

• Temporal process contributes to zygomatic arch

Also known as:

• "Cheekbone"

Comment:

• Forms part of floor and lateral wall of orbit

SKELETAL

TOPIC: THORAX / VIEW : ANTERIOR

Cervical vertebra

Clavicle

Costal cartilages

Humerus

Intervertebral disc

Lumbar vertebra

Manubrium

Ribs 1 - 12

Scapula

Sternum

Thoracic vertebra

Cervical vertebra

Location:

• Neck

• Between occipital bone and T1 vertebra

Description:

• Seven individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include transverse foramen and bifid
  (split) spinous process on C3-C6

Comment:

• Atlas (C1 vertebra) articulates with skull

Clavicle

Location:

• Junction of neck and anterior thorax

Description:

• Subcutaneous, S-shaped bone

• Medial end articulates with sternum at sternoclavicular joint

• Lateral end articulates with acromion of scapula at acromioclavicular joint

Also known as:

• "Collar bone"

Costal cartilages

Location:

• Thorax

Description:

• Attaches rib to sternum

• True ribs (ribs 1-7): attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages

• False ribs (ribs 8-10): attach indirectly to sternum via a shared costal cartilage

• Costal margin created by costal cartilages of ribs 7-10

Comment:

• All ribs: articulate with thoracic vertebrae

• Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum

• Alternate definition: some include the floating ribs (11-12) as a subcategory of false ribs

Humerus

Location:

• Arm

Description:

• Long bone

• Characteristic features include head, neck, greater and lesser tubercles, shaft, medial and lateral epicondyles, capitulum, and trochlea

Comment:

• Largest bone of upper limb

Intervertebral disc

Location:

• Between vertebral bodies (C2 to S1)

Description:

• Outer part: anulus fibrosus consisting of a fibrocartilage ring

• Inner part: nucleus pulposus composed of mucoid material

Comment:

• No disk between atlas (C1 vertebra) and axis (C2 vertebra)

Lumbar vertebra

Location:

• Lower back

• Between T12 and S1 vertebrae

Description:

• Five individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include large size, kidney bean-shaped body, and a thick, blunt spinous process

Comment:

• Bodies arranged to form prominent anterior convexity (lumbar curvature; also Known as lumbar lordosis, which can be accentuated pathologically)

• Intervertebral discs between lumbar vertebrae most commonly herniate ("slipped-disk")

Manubrium

Location:

• Sternum

Description:

• Triangular shape

• Superior part of sternum

• Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 1-2 and clavicles

Comment:

• Provides attachment for sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis major muscles

Ribs 1 - 12

Location:

• Thorax

Description:

• Twelve pairs of curved, flat bones

• All ribs: articulate with thoracic vertebrae

• True ribs (ribs 1-7): attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages

• False ribs (ribs 8-10): attach indirectly to sternum via shared costal cartilages

• Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum

Comment:

• Alternate definition: some include the floating ribs (11-12) as a subcategory of false ribs

Scapula

Location:

• Posterior thorax

• Overlies ribs 2-7

Description:

• Large, triangular, flat bone

• Characteristic features include spine, acromion, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity

Sternum

Location:

• Thorax (anterior midline)

Description:

• Flat bone with three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid
  process

• Characteristic features include jugular notch and sternal angle (angle of Louis)

• Articulates with costal cartilages of true ribs (1-7), combined costal cartilages of false ribs (8-10), and clavicles

Also known as:

• "Breastbone"

Comment:

• Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum

• Provides for attachment of sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles

Thoracic vertebra

Location:

• Trunk

• Between C7 and L1 vertebrae

Description:

• 12 individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include costal demifacets (or facets) for articulation with head of rib, spinous process slopes inferiorly, and heart-shaped vertebral body

ACTIVITY 4: DISSECTION

MODULE: SKELETAL

TOPIC: ABDOMEN / VIEW : ANTERIOR

Body of sternum

Соссух

Femur

lium

Ischium

Lumbar vertebra

Pelvic girdle

Pubic symphysis

Pubis

Ribs 2 - 12

Sacrum

Sternum

Xiphoid process

Body of sternum

Location:

• Sternum

Description:

• Long flat part of sternum between manubrium and xiphoid process

• Contributes to sternal angle (angle of Louis) at its superior border

• Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2-7 and combined costal cartilages of false ribs (8-10)

Comment:

• Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum

• Provides attachment for pectoralis major muscle

Соссух

Location:

• Posterior pelvic wall

• Lower back, inferior to S5 vertebra

Description:

• Small, triangular bone

• Consists of three to five, variably fused, poorly developed vertebrae

Also known as:

• "Tailbone"

Comment:

• Rudiment of the tail in other vertebrates

Femur

Location:

• Thigh

Description:

• Long bone

• Characteristic features include head, neck, shaft, greater and lesser trochanters, linea aspera, and medial and lateral condyles

• Head forms part of hip joint

• Distal end forms part of knee joint

Comment:

• Only bone of thigh

• Longest bone in body; length accurately predicts height of individual

lium

Location:

• Pelvis

Description:

• Largest of three coxal (hip) bones

• Has large, wing-like superior extension (ala); the alae form bony walls of greater (false) pelvis

• Contributes to acetabulum (hip joint socket) and wall of lesser (true) pelvis

• Articulates with sacrum at sacroiliac joint

Comment:

• Fused with ischium and pubis in adult to form coxal (hip) bone

• Bony pelvis formed by paired hip bones and sacrum

Ischium

Location:

• Pelvis

Description:

• One of three coxal (hip) bones

• Characteristic features include tuberosity and spine

• Contributes to acetabulum (hip joint socket), obturator foramen, and wall of lesser (true) pelvis

Comment:

• Fused with ilium and pubis in adult to form coxal (hip) bone

• Bony pelvis formed by paired hip bones and sacrum

• Obturator foramen formed by rami of pubis and ischium

Lumbar vertebra

Location:

• Lower back

• Between T12 and S1 vertebrae

Description:

• Five individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include large size, kidney bean-shaped body, and a thick, blunt spinous process

Comment:

• Bodies arranged to form prominent anterior convexity (lumbar curvature; also known as lumbar lordosis, which can be accentuated pathologically)

• Intervertebral discs between lumbar vertebrae most commonly herniate ("slipped-disk")

Pelvic girdle

Location:

• Pelvis

Description:

• Hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

• Sacrum

Comment:

joint

• Pelvic girdle articulates with axial skeleton only at sacroiliac

• Pelvic girdle sometimes considered to include hip bones only (i.e., sacrum not included)

• Hip bones also known as os coxae

Pubic symphysis

Location:

• Pelvis (anterior midline)

Description:

• Joint formed by two pubic bones and intervening fibrocartilage disc

Comment:

• In female, fibrocartilage softens in late pregnancy to allow slight separation of pubic bones

Pubis

Location:

• Pelvis

Description:

• One of three coxal (hip) bones

• Characteristic features include body and rami (superior and inferior)

• Midline junction of pubic bones forms pubic symphysis

• Contributes to acetabulum (hip joint socket), obturator foramen, and wall of lesser (true) pelvis

Comment:

• Fused with ilium and ischium in adult to form coxal (hip) bone

• Bony pelvis formed by paired hip bones and sacrum

• Obturator foramen formed by rami of pubis and ischium

Ribs 2 - 12

Location:

• Thorax

Description:

• Pairs of curved, flat bones

• All ribs: articulate with thoracic vertebrae

• True ribs (ribs 1-7): attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages

• False ribs (ribs 8-10): attach indirectly to sternum via shared costal cartilages

• Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum

Comment:

• Alternate definition: some include the floating ribs (11-12) as a subcategory of false ribs

Sacrum

Location:

• Lower back

• Between L5 and Co1 vertebrae

• Posterior wall of pelvis

Description:

• Five fused vertebrae

• Triangular bone wedged between hip bones

Comment:

• Sacral promontory (the prominent, projecting edge of base of sacrum formed by superior border of S1 vertebral body) is landmark for establishing female pelvic dimensions

Sternum

Location:

• Thorax (anterior midline)

Description:

• Flat bone with three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

• Characteristic features include jugular notch and sternal angle (angle of Louis)

• Articulates with costal cartilages of true ribs (1-7), combined costal cartilages of false ribs (8-10), and clavicles

Also known as:

• "Breastbone"

Comment:

• Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum

• Provides for attachment of sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles

Xiphoid process

Location:

• Sternum (inferior part)

Description:

• Midline shallow depression

• Cartilage until approximately 5th decade of life

Comment:

• Provides attachment for anterior abdominal wall muscles

• Landmark for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

ACTIVITY 4: DISSECTION

MODULE: SKELETAL

TOPIC: BACK / VIEW : POSTERIOR

Cervical vertebra

Соссух

lium

Ischium

Lumbar vertebra

Mandible

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Pubis

Ribs 1 - 12

Sacrum

Scapula

Spinous process of lumbar vertebra

Spinous process of thoracic vertebra

Temporal bone

Thoracic vertebra

Transverse process of lumbar vertebra

Transverse process of thoracic vertebra

Cervical vertebra

Location:

• Neck

• Between occipital bone and T1 vertebra

Description:

• Seven individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include transverse foramen and bifid
  (split) spinous process on C3-C6

Comment:

• Atlas (C1 vertebra) articulates with skull

Соссух

Location:

• Posterior pelvic wall

• Lower back, inferior to S5 vertebra

Description:

• Small, triangular bone

• Consists of three to five, variably fused, poorly developed vertebrae

Also known as:

• "Tailbone"

Comment:

• Rudiment of the tail in other vertebrates

lium

Location:

• Pelvis

Description:

• Largest of three coxal (hip) bones

• Has large, wing-like superior extension (ala); the alae form bony walls of greater (false) pelvis

• Contributes to acetabulum (hip joint socket) and wall of lesser (true) pelvis

• Articulates with sacrum at sacroiliac joint

Comment:

• Fused with ischium and pubis in adult to form coxal (hip) bone

• Bony pelvis formed by paired hip bones and sacrum

Ischium

Location:

• Pelvis

Description:

• One of three coxal (hip) bones

• Characteristic features include tuberosity and spine

• Contributes to acetabulum (hip joint socket), obturator foramen, and wall of lesser (true) pelvis

Comment:

• Fused with ilium and pubis in adult to form coxal (hip) bone

• Bony pelvis formed by paired hip bones and sacrum

• Obturator foramen formed by rami of pubis and ischium

Lumbar vertebra

Location:

• Lower back

• Between T12 and S1 vertebrae

Description:

• Five individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include large size, kidney bean-shaped body, and a thick, blunt spinous process

Comment:

• Bodies arranged to form prominent anterior convexity (lumbar curvature; also known as lumbar lordosis, which can be accentuated pathologically)

• Intervertebral discs between lumbar vertebrae most commonly herniate ("slipped-disk")

Mandible

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• U-shaped bone

• Each side consists of body (horizontal) and ramus (vertical) with coronoid and condylar processes

• Mental protuberance forms point of chin

• Contains alveoli ("sockets") for teeth

Also known as:

• "Lower jaw"

Comment:

• Contributes to temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Occipital bone

Location:

• Skull (posterior and inferior)

Description:

• Irregular-shaped bone

• Contains foramen magnum in central portion

Comment:

• Forms most of posterior skull

• Forms most of posterior cranial fossa

• Articulates with parietal bone at lambdoid suture, temporal bone at occipitomastoid and other sutures, and sphenoid bone at spheno-occipital synchondrosis

• Articulates with atlas (C1 vertebra)

Parietal bone

Location:

• Skull (lateral)

Description:

• Paired, flat bone

• Forms most of lateral skull

Comment:

• Parietal bones articulate at sagittal suture (midline)

• Articulates with frontal bone at coronal suture, occipital bone at lambdoid suture, and temporal bone at squamosal suture

Pubis

Location:

• Pelvis

Description:

• One of three coxal (hip) bones

• Characteristic features include body and rami (superior and inferior)

• Midline junction of pubic bones forms pubic symphysis

• Contributes to acetabulum (hip joint socket), obturator foramen, and wall of lesser (true) pelvis

Comment:

• Fused with ilium and ischium in adult to form coxal (hip) bone

• Bony pelvis formed by paired hip bones and sacrum

• Obturator foramen formed by rami of pubis and ischium

Ribs 1 - 12

Location:

• Thorax

Description:

• Twelve pairs of curved, flat bones

• All ribs: articulate with thoracic vertebrae

• True ribs (ribs 1-7): attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages

• False ribs (ribs 8-10): attach indirectly to sternum via shared costal cartilages

• Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum

Comment:

• Alternate definition: some include the floating ribs (11-12) as a subcategory of false ribs

Sacrum

Location:

• Lower back

• Between L5 and Co1 vertebrae

• Posterior wall of pelvis

Description:

• Five fused vertebrae

• Triangular bone wedged between hip bones

Comment:

• Sacral promontory (the prominent, projecting edge of base of sacrum formed by superior border of S1 vertebral body) is landmark for establishing female pelvic dimensions

Scapula

Location:

• Posterior thorax

• Overlies ribs 2-7

Description:

• Large, triangular, flat bone

• Characteristic features include spine, acromion, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity

Spinous process of lumbar vertebra

Location:

• Vertebrae (posterior aspect)

Description:

• Unpaired, posterior projection from midline of vertebral arch

• Has characteristic thick, blunt form

Comment:

• Spinous process present on all vertebrae except the atlas (C1 vertebra) and coccygeal vertebrae

• Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments

Spinous process of thoracic vertebra

Location:

• Thoracic vertebra

Description:

• Unpaired posterior midline projection from vertebral arch

• Has characteristic long, slender form

• Processes of inferior thoracic vertebrae directed inferiorly

Comment:

• Spinous process present on all vertebrae except atlas (C1 vertebra) and coccygeal vertebrae

• Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments

Temporal bone

Location:

• Skull (lateral and inferior)

Description:

• Paired, irregular-shaped, flat bone

• Consists of squamous, petrous, mastoid, and tympanic parts

Comment:

• Forms part of lateral skull (temple)

• Forms inferior and lateral walls of middle cranial fossa

• Articulates with sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture, occipital bone at lambdoid suture, and parietal bone at squamosal suture

• Has mandibular fossa that forms temporomandibular joint with
  head of mandible

• Forms zygomatic process that forms zygomatic arch with temporal process of zygomatic bone

Thoracic vertebra

Location:

• Trunk

• Between C7 and L1 vertebrae

Description:

• 12 individual vertebrae

• Characteristic features include costal demifacets (or facets) for articulation with head of rib, spinous process slopes inferiorly, and heart-shaped vertebral body

Transverse process of lumbar vertebra

Location:

• Lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra

Description:

• Prominent, paired, laterally-directed process

Comment:

• Provides attachment for intrinsic back muscles and ligaments

Transverse process of thoracic vertebra

Location:

• Lateral aspect of thoracic vertebra

Description:

• Prominent, paired, laterally-directed process

Comment:

• Provides attachment for intrinsic back muscles and ligaments

ACTIVITY 6 : DISSECTION

MODULE: SKELETAL

TOPIC: SKULL / VIEW : ANTERIOR

Ethmoid bone

Frontal bone

Lacrimal bone

Mandible

Maxilla

Nasal bone

Orbit

Parietal bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

Ethmoid bone

Location:

• Nasal cavity

Description:

• Irregular-shaped bone

• Characteristic features include cribriform plate, crista galli, and perpendicular plate

Comment:

• Contributes to anterior cranial fossa, nasal cavity, and orbit

• Contains numerous sinuses (air cells)

Frontal bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior superior part)

Description:

• Unpaired, irregular-shaped, flat bone

• Forms forehead, roof of orbits, and most of anterior cranial fossa

• Contains frontal air sinuses

Comment:

• Articulates with parietal bone at coronal suture and sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture

Lacrimal bone

Location:

• Orbit (anterior and medial)

• Nasal cavity (lateral wall)

Description:

• Smallest and most delicate bone of skull

• Orbital surface contributes to fossa for lacrimal sac and
  nasolacrimal groove

• Nasal surface contributes to middle nasal concha

Comment:

• Some fibers of orbicularis oculi attach to lacrimal bone

Mandible

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• U-shaped bone

• Each side consists of body (horizontal) and ramus (vertical) with coronoid and condylar processes

• Mental protuberance forms point of chin

• Contains alveoli ("sockets") for teeth

Also known as:

• "Lower jaw"

Comment:

• Contributes to temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Maxilla

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• Paired, irregular-shaped bone

• Left and right maxillae unite to form "upper jaw"

• Contains alveoli ("sockets") for teeth

• Contains maxillary air sinus on each side

Also known as:

• "Upper jaw"

Comment:

• Forms part of floor of orbit and anterior part of hard palate

• Contributes to upper face

Nasal bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• Small, paired bone

• Articulates at midline with nasal bone from opposite side

Also known as:

• "Bridge of nose"

Comment:

• Forms bony part of nose

Orbit

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

• Lateral to nasal cavity

Description:

• Pyramidal space with roof, floor, and medial and lateral walls

• Roof: frontal and sphenoid bones

• Floor: palatine and zygomatic bones, and maxilla

• Lateral wall: zygomatic, sphenoid, and frontal bones

• Medial wall: ethmoid and lacrimal bones, and maxilla

• • Openings include superior and inferior orbital fissures, and optic canal

  Also known as:

  • Eye socket

  Comment:

  • Contains eyeball and its muscles; cranial nerves II, III, IV, V1, and VI; vasculature; lacrimal apparatus; and fat

Parietal bone

Location:

• Skull (lateral)

Description:

• Paired, flat bone

• Forms most of lateral skull

Comment:

• Parietal bones articulate at sagittal suture (midline)

• Articulates with frontal bone at coronal suture, occipital bone at lambdoid suture, and temporal bone at squamosal suture

Sphenoid bone

Location:

• Skull

Description:

• Unpaired, irregular-shaped bone

• Shape resembles a butterfly

• Consists of body, and greater and lesser wings

Comment:

• Contributes to middle cranial fossa, nasal cavities, orbits, and lateral skull (temples)

• Contains sella turcica ("Turkish saddle"), sphenoidal air sinus, and many foramina

Temporal bone

Location:

• Skull (lateral and inferior)

Description:

• Paired, irregular-shaped, flat bone

• Consists of squamous, petrous, mastoid, and tympanic parts

Comment:

• Forms part of lateral skull (temple)

• Forms inferior and lateral walls of middle cranial fossa

• Articulates with sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture, occipital bone at lambdoid suture, and parietal bone at squamosal suture

• Has mandibular fossa that forms temporomandibular joint with
  head of mandible

• Forms zygomatic process that forms zygomatic arch with temporal process of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior and lateral)

Description:

• Paired, irregular-shaped bone

• Temporal process contributes to zygomatic arch

Also known as:

• "Cheekbone"

Comment:

• Forms part of floor and lateral wall of orbit

ACTIVITY 6 : DISSECTION

MODULE: SKELETAL

TOPIC: SKULL / VIEW : SUPERIOR

Coronal suture

Frontal bone

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Sagittal suture

Coronal suture

Location:

• Skull (superior)

Description:

• Joint between frontal and parietal bones

Frontal bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior superior part)

Description:

• Unpaired, irregular-shaped, flat bone

• Forms forehead, roof of orbits, and most of anterior cranial fossa

• Contains frontal air sinuses

Comment:

• Articulates with parietal bone at coronal suture and sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture

Lambdoid suture

Location:

• Skull (posterior)

Description:

• Joint between parietal and occipital bones

Occipital bone

Location:

• Skull (posterior and inferior)

Description:

• Irregular-shaped bone

• Contains foramen magnum in central portion

Comment:

• Forms most of posterior skull

• Forms most of posterior cranial fossa

• Articulates with parietal bone at lambdoid suture, temporal bone at occipitomastoid and other sutures, and sphenoid bone at spheno-occipital synchondrosis

• Articulates with atlas (C1 vertebra)

Parietal bone

Location:

• Skull (lateral)

Description:

• Paired, flat bone

• Forms most of lateral skull

Comment:

• Parietal bones articulate at sagittal suture (midline)

• Articulates with frontal bone at coronal suture, occipital bone at lambdoid suture, and temporal bone at squamosal suture

Sagittal suture

Location:

• Skull (superior)

Description:

• Joint between parietal bones

ACTIVITY 8 : DISSECTION

MODULE: SKELETAL

TOPIC: SKULL / VIEW : LATERAL

Coronal suture

Frontal bone

Lacrimal bone

Lambdoid suture

Mandible

Maxilla

Nasal bone

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

Coronal suture

Location:

• Skull (superior)

Description:

• Joint between frontal and parietal bones

Frontal bone

Location:

• Skull (anterior superior part)

Description:

• Unpaired, irregular-shaped, flat bone

• Forms forehead, roof of orbits, and most of anterior cranial fossa

• Contains frontal air sinuses

Comment:

• Articulates with parietal bone at coronal suture and sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture

Lacrimal bone

Location:

• Orbit (anterior and medial)

• Nasal cavity (lateral wall)

Description:

• Smallest and most delicate bone of skull

• Orbital surface contributes to fossa for lacrimal sac and
  nasolacrimal groove

• Nasal surface contributes to middle nasal concha

Comment:

• Some fibers of orbicularis oculi attach to lacrimal bone

Lambdoid suture

Location:

• Skull (posterior)

Description:

• Joint between parietal and occipital bones

Mandible

Location:

• Skull (anterior)

Description:

• U-shaped bone

• Each side consists of body (horizontal) and ramus (vertical) with coronoid and condylar processes

• Mental protuberance forms point of chin

• Contains alveoli ("sockets") for teeth

• Also known as:

  • "Lower jaw"

  Comment:

  • Contributes to temporomandibular joint (TMJ)