Food Animal Exam 2

cryptosporidium

-resistant to many disinfectants
-common in young diary calves
-more than 50% of dairy calves and 40% of beef farms shed it
-diarrhea in young animals

fecal oral

What is the main mode of transmission for crpyto, salmonella and giardia ?

diarrhea

What does crypto typically cause in humans?

giardia

-lives in well water, common waterborne infections
-20-40% in developing countries, but only 3-13% in the US
-cysts produces in feces that are hardy
-produces diarrhea in all species
-acute, severe disease

diarrhea

What does Giardia cause in all species?

salmonella

Which of the zoonotic diseases causes the worst pathology (most severe)?

S. typimurium

Which strain of salmonella is predominately associated with enteritis?

salmonella zoonotic risks

-fecal oral contact
-results in diarrhea
-can be life threatening in young, old, and immunocompromised individuals

soil

What is the true reservoir for dermatophytosis?

dermatophysis in humans

-round skin lesions
-transmitted by direct contact

leptosporosis

-spirochete
-5 strains
-found world wide in nearly animals, but more prevalent in farm and wild animals
-thrive in stagment water

lepto in young cattle and dogs

-fever
-liver disease
-jaundice

abortions

What does leptosprosis cause in cattle and sheep?

moon blindness (ocular disease)

What does leptosporosis cause in horses?

lepto transmission

-urine of infected animal
-reproductive discharges in animals that have aborted

Coxiella burnetii

-rickettsial bacteria
-"Q fever"
-causes sporadic abortions in sheep and goats
-may see abortions or weak lambs
-organism sheds in milk and feces
-extremely hardy in environment and wind

false

true or false: animals affected by cryptosporidia parvum can only shed the organism if they are still having diarrhea. Once they have stopped having diarrhea, they no longer shed

true

true or false: Giardia causes diarrhea in all species that are affected by it

zoophilic

What is the word used to describe a dermatophyte that can be transmitted from animal to man

contaminated water

Human cases of leptospirosis are often associated with exposure to what?

True

True or False: Coxiella burnetii can be found in milk, and this is why it is important to pasteurize milk

B. ovis

All strains are zoonotic except?

B. abortus transmission (through contact)

-milk
-aborted fetus
-vaginal discharge
-placenta

undulant fever

What is the name for the chronic, recurrent febrile illness that Brucellosis causes in people?

cutaneous

What is the most common disease form of anthrax in people?

lateral claw of hind feet

The majority of bovine lameness is in the ?

sole hemorrhage

What is the firs clinical sign of a sole ulcer?

False

True or False: Sole abscesses are a primary condition and are not usually due to any other complication

white line disease

-affects one or both lateral hind claws
-caused by hemorrhage into or separation of the white line
-heavy, high yielding dairy cattle kept under confined conditions are at risk

Interdigital dermatitis

-mild inflammatory condition of the interdigital skin
-seen most often when cattle are housed where they are continuously exposed to moisture and manure slurries
-lesions are painful to touch, but don't cause lameness

digital dermatitis

-highly contagious, erosive, and proliferative infection fo the epidermis proximal to the skin-horm junction in the flexor region of the interdigital space
-can be spread by newly acquired animals, contaminated boots, or hoof trimming equipment
-lameness often seen

septic arthritis

-result of bacteria being sequestered in a joint
-severe lameness and joint distension with cloudy synovial fluid
-affected joints are visibly swollen and warm to touch
-seen primarily in neonates

Fusobacterium necrophorum

What is the name of the bacteria involved with interdigital dermatitis?

less than 1 year

After a digit amputation, what is the herd retention time for that animal?

FAMACHA chart

What is the name of the guide that we use to determine which animals need to be treated with parasites?

resistance

What is the term given to a decline in the efficacy of an anthelmintic against a population of parasites that is generally suspectible to that drug?

Dermatophilus congolensis

What is the causative agent for foot scald/strawberry foot rot?

true

true or false: Foot rot in sheep is infectious. Animals that are infected should be separated. They are treated by using foot baths with 10% zinc sulfate plus systematic antibiotics

Dichelobacter nodosus

What is the causative agent for foot rot in sheep?

wood blocks

-placed on healthy claws to allow affected claw to heal
-allows weight to be taken off of injured claw
-dark grey at application, but turns light grey once dried

laminitis causes

-housing conditions (standing to much leads to inflammation)
-genetics
-nutrition
-periparturient period

nutritional laminitis

-carb overloads lead to acidic environment
-this causes microbes to lyse and release endotoxins and increase lactic acid
-vasculature becomes inflamed especially in the hoof

acute laminitis

-corium swells within the hoof which becomes very painful
-there are no obvious changes to the hoof wall or sole -the foot is warm and digital pulses are prominent

subacute laminitis

refers to continuation fo the problem initiated by acute laminitis beyond several days

chronic laminitis

-causes visible deformities in the hoof
-usually not lame
-caused by repeated episodes of acute and subacute

acute laminitis clinical signs

-reluctance to walk
-arched back when standing
-coronary band is red, swollen, and warm to touch
-obvious digital pulse
-little to no changes in the hoof wall

acute laminitis treatment

-pain meds (banamine)
-cold water hydrotherapy

36 hours

What is the withdrawal time of banamine for milk?

4 days

What is the withdrawal time of banamine for meat?

chronic laminitis treatment

-poorer prognosis
-corrective trimming

first lactation heifers

Who are the most prone to complications with laminits?

sole ulcers

-full thickness break in sole that exposes the corium
-can be found at the axial heel sole junction, toe, or heel
-sole hemorrhage is the first clinical sign

sole ulcers clinical signs

-varying degrees of lameness
-obvious cow hocked stance
-if infected: animal is severely lame, very reluctant to move, lay down most of time, swelling in hoof

sole ulcer treatment

-relieve all pressure from affected claw with a block
-pain relief and aids
-necrotic and loose tissue removed
-antibiotic dressings

routine foot trims

How can sole ulcers be prevented?

sole abscess

-NOT primary condition
-usually due to another complication (foreign body penetration, white lines, ulcer)
-treated by removing loose horn and sole, prevent weight bearing of affected claw
-antibiotics and pain meds typically giving

white line clinical signs

-severely lame
-lesion may not be visible
-outer claw usually overgrown
-pain response when pressure is applied

white line treatment

-corrective trimming- sloping wall to 45 degree angle
-lowering heel to help remove weight bearing on affected claw
-claw block
-antibiotics for infections

28 days

What is the meat withdrawal time for oxytetracycline?

96 hours

What is the milk withdrawal time for oxytetracycline?

6 days

What is the meat withdrawal time for ampicillin?

48 hours

What is the milk withdrawal time for ampicillin?

vertical wall fissure (sand cracks)

-almost exclusively in the lateral foreclaw
-can start of coronary band and run part or all of the way to the bearing surface
-most are not painful and require no treatment

sand crack treatment (if needed)

-axial wall trimmed so weight is placed on abaxial portion
-ragged edges trimmed
-methyl methacrylate after fissure is laced together with steel wire

horizontal wall grooves

-from disruption of horn production at dermis beneath coronary band leading to defect in hoof wall
-run parallel to coronary band
-caused by difficult calving, acute disease, or sudden change in nutrition
-usually no treatment is needed unless it is deep enough for infections

corkscrew claw

-claw is twisted the entire length of the claw
-one or both lateral hind claws may be affected
-affected cows are older than 3.5-4 years
-rarely seen in bulls
-affected animals should be culled

cows 3.5-4 years and older

Which animals are typically affected by corkscrew claw?

bulls

Which animals are rarely affected by corkscrew claws?

corkscrew claw treatment

-trim/shorten claw as much as possible without causing bleeding
-horn that is displaced beneath claw is cut away
-trimming helps with locomotion, but doesn't cure condition

culled

What should happen to animals affected by corkscrew claw?

interdigital dermatitis treatment

-individual: topical antibiotics and loose wrap
-herd: medicated foot baths with formalin or copper sulfate

cows continually exposed to manure slurries and moisture

Which animals are most at risk for interdigital dermatitis?

foot rot

-seen in small ruminants
-caused by dichelobacter nodosus
-doesn't live in environment

foot rot treatment

-separate infected animal
-both baths with zinc sulfate plus systemic antibiotics
-recheck in 2 weeks
-retreat infected animal if not cleared
-after 2 more weeks cull the animal if still infected

digital dermatitis treatment

-treated individually
-scrub lesions clean with stiff brush and soapy water
-rinsed and dried
-apply antibiotic powder (oxytetracycline)
-wrap with water proof bandage

digital dermatitis prevention

-slurry removal
-improved standard of hygiene
-foot baths with copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, or formalin

foot scald

-dermatophilus congolensis is causative agent
-thrives in moist conditions
-heals by granulation
-animals may be culled of quarentined

foot scald prevention

-don't buy animals with history of foot rot
-quarentining new additions for at least 30 days
-treat and trim all animals with foot bath before they are released onto farm
-treat pens where infected animals have been and don't use for at least 14 days
-implement routine trimming and foot baths

interdigital fibroma (corns)

-firm, tumor like mass in the interdigital space
-common in herefords
-feet are continually exposed to slurries, chronic irritation or dermatitis in the interdigital region seen
-lameness often occurs
-surface may become excoriated, sore, and infected as lesion becomes larger

corns treatment

-surgical removal
-tissue removed
-cryosurgery can be used

septic arthritis treatment

-requires prompt treatment to avoid irreparable damage
-systemic antibiotics combined with intra-atricular antibiotics
-joint lavages
-surgery
-NSAIDs

carpus, tarsus, stifle

Which joints are primarily affected by septic arthritis?

digit amputation advantages

-complete removal of infected tissue
-faster recovery

digit amputation disadvantage

-esthetics
-decreases herd retention time to less than 1 year (other claw breaks down)

digit amputation

-pain relief method for a chronic condition
-done to complete production cycle, then culled

digit salvage

-done for deep digital sepsis
-establish chronic effective drainage at heel sole junction
-preserves quality of life for short period of time
-keeps them until end of their production cycle

21 days

What is the meat withdrawal time for phenylbutazone?

120 hours

What is the milk withdrawal time for phenybutazone?

14 days

What is the meat withdrawal time for ceftiofur?

none

What is the milk withdrawal time for ceftiofur?

Young, old, immunocompromised

Which populations are predominantly affected with zoonotic disease?

inhalation of spores

What is the most common route of transmission for anthrax with animals?

viruses of BRD

-IBR
-PI3
-BRSV
-BVD

IBR

-can cause abortions
-rarely fatal alone
-rhinitis and tracheitis
-nasal and ocular serous discharge

Parainfluenza 3

What does PI3 stand for?

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

What does BRSV stand for?

PI3

-tracheitis, fever, anorexia, nasal and ocular serous discharge
-mild infection on its own

BRSV

-Can cause viral pneumonia on its own
-more common in calves 3-12 mo
-fever, anorexia, tachypena, abnormal airways and lung sounds

bovine viral diarrhea disease

What does BVDV stand for?

BVD

Which of the BRD viruses is the most severe?