AQA English Language A-Level - Paper 1 AO1 terms

common noun

names any person, place, thing, or idea (ie) pilot, city, park

proper noun

names a particular person, place, thing, or idea and is capitalized (ie) Paris, Dan, America

concrete noun

thing that can be seen, heard, smelt, touched or tasted (ie) pasta, paint

abstract noun

names an idea or feeling (ie) love, justice, hope, freedom

comparative adjective

'er' suffix added (ie) taller

superlative adjective

'est' suffix added (ie) tallest

main verb

main action of the clause (ie) spoke, walking, smile

auxiliary verb

helps the main verb (ie) VARIATIONs of "Be," "Do," and "Have"

modal auxillary verb

expresses possibility (ie) can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will,

copular verb

links subject to noun or adjective that acts as the compliment (ie) Honey is sweet. (Here the copular verb is assigns the quality of sweetness to honey.)

dynamic verb

actions that can start and end (ie) 'to run', 'to hit', 'to savour' and 'to go'

stative verb

describe a state or situation (ie) such as be, have, seem, know

intransitive verb

verbs don't have a direct object

transitive verb

verbs have a direct object

active voice

subject performs the action (ie) the head teacher performed the speech to the children

passive voice

subject being acted on (ie) the children had been moved from classroom A to B

imperative mood

command

indicative mood

indicates a fact

interrogative mood

question

conditional mood

indicates a condition- something that COULD happen.

subjunctive mood

describes a hypothetical situation

adverb

modify verbs (ie) quickly, wearily

adverbial phrase

a phrase that functions as an adverb (ie) After dinner, with caution, right here under the bridge

place adverb

indicates a location

time adverb

indicates a time

frequency adverb

indicates how often something happens

manner adverb

Describes how something is done (quickly, slowly, gracefully etc)

personal pronoun

take the place of nouns referring to people

possessive pronoun

show possession

reflexive pronoun

pronoun that ends in -self or -selves

relative pronoun

linked group of words preceding noun or pronoun (ie) who, which, that

demonstrative pronoun

points out a person, place, thing, or idea (ie) this, that, these, those

definite article

The word 'the'; the article points to specific items.

indefinite article

the adjectives "a" and "an" ; the article points to general items

quantifiers

indicate how many (ie) some, all, every, each, no, none

co-ordinating conjunction

FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

sub-ordinating conjunction

Link clauses together to show one is dependent on another

homophone

Words pronounced the same, different spelling or meaning (ie) "write" and "right"

homograph

a word written the same way as another word but having a different meaning (ie) "bat " and "bat

homonym

a word that is spelled and pronounced like another word but is different in meaning

synonym

words that have the same meaning

antonym

words with opposite meaning

free morpheme

can stand alone

bound morpheme

can't stand alone

simple sentence

subject, verb, object

compound sentence

two simple sentences joined via conjunction

complex sentence

main clause and a subordinate clause

independent clause

one clause alone

subordinate clause

indicated with a commar

parenthetical clause

occurs in brackets/dashes

relative clause

include relative pronouns; which, that, whose, whoever, whomever, who, and whom

noun phrase

words around a noun

verb phrase

words around a verb

simple present tense

something is occurring

present progressive tense

something is happening now and will continue to do so

present perfect progressive tense

something began in the past, continued for some time and continues into the present

simple past tense

shows a completed action

past progressive tense

an action that was in progress in the past when another event occurred

past perfect tense

an action began and was completed in the past

past perfect progressive tense

a completed continuous action

simple future tense

something that will happen

simple future progressive tense

a continuous action that will occur

future perfect tense

something that will be completed in the future

future perfect progressive tense

a continuous action that will be completed in the future

semantic field

links between lexis in a text

collocates

words linked via association

hypernym

generic category

hyponym

specific category

euphemism

soften a harsher idea

dysphemism

making a nice idea sound worse

deictic expression

context dependent utterances

denotation

dictionary definition

connotation

pragmatic implications of words

anaphoric reference

making reference back to something previously identified in a text

cataphoric reference

a word that refers forward to another part of the text

discourse marker

word or phrase whose function is to organise discourse into segments (ie) 'however', 'although' and 'nevertheless'

graphology

how a text looks

orthography

spelling

Anaphora

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

Diacope

Repetition broken up by one or more intervening words

(ie) Bond, James Bond

Synaesthesia

the use of one kind of sensory experience to describe another (ie) "A warm voice." touch used to describe sound

Syndetic Listing

listing with just commas and co-ordinating conjunctions [and] "He was kind, nice, thoughtful and charming"

Asyndetic listing

Listing which does not involve the use of conjunctions (ie) He was kind, nice, thoughtful, charming

Polysyndetic listing

using lots of conjunctions when listing (ie) He was kind and nice and thoughtful and charming

Tricolon

listing in 3s

positive face

the need to feel part of a collective experience - to feel included, liked and appreciated (ie) Feeling that people know who you are, being included in events, not feeling anonymous

Negative Face

Refers to an individuals need to remain their sense of individualism and to not feel obliged to act (ie) Individuals that don't want to feel pressured to act on something.

Face Threatening Act

Using language which threatens someones positive or negative face (ie)"Oi, you, Give it to me."

Positive politeness strategy

Strategies that make people feel included (ie) Using peoples names to show you value them. Speaking in ways which is non-threatening.

negative politeness strategies

Strategies that allow people to make up their own minds and not feel pressured to go along with things. Giving People an out. Allowing them an opportunity to say no without awkwardness (ie) "please say if its too much trouble but...."