BOTANY - 2

All except monocots

True secondary growth occurs in

Vascular cambium

What type of tissue is the mesophyll layer composed of

Stop dividing

What happens to vascular cambium in herbaceous plants?

produce fascicular cambium

What happens to vascular cambium in woody plants?

vascular cambium

continuous ring

interfasccular cambium

connects with the fascicular cambia to

either side.

angiosperms

Vascular cambia is never found at

Fusiform initials and ray initials

Two types of cells of vascular cambium

fusiform initials

Type of vascular cambium which are the long tapered cells

longitudinally with a periclinal wall and it produce two elongate cells: one fusiform initials and one secondary phloem or xylem

How does fusiform initials divide and what does it produce

periclinal wall

parallel to the cambium surface

anticlinal wall

perpendicular to the cambium surface

anticlinal walls

Without _________, cambial cells would be stretched wider circumferentially and could not function.

ray initials

short and cuboidal initials

xylem or phloem that function in storage and albuminous cells in gymnosperms

what does ray initials develop

storied cambium

fusiform initials may occur in regular horizontal rows called

nonstoried cambium

fusiform initials may occur in irregular rows called

Axial system

derived from fusiform initials and contains treachery elements that carry out vertical conduction of water through the wood

Radial system

develops from the ray initials

hardwood and softwood

2 fibers in the axial system

axial xylem parenchyma

a temporary reservoir of water

tracheids

Most gymnosperms contain only ___ in their axial system

parenchyma, rays

In woody angiosperms, the radial system contains only _______. Arranged as uniseriate, biseriate, or multiseriate masses called _____.

Ray parenchyma cells

Its function is to store carbohydrates and other nutrients
Conduct material over short distances radially

uniseriate

In gymnosperms, xylem rays are uniseriate, biseriate, or multiseriate?

resin canal

Xylem cells are only multiseriate only if they contain what

Growth rings

appear due to the differential growth of early (spring) wood versus late (summer) wood.

spring wood

has high proportion of wide vessels

summer wood

has fewer vessels or narrower, thick-walled tracheids.

annual (growth) ring

Together, early wood and late wood make up

ring porous

Wood with vessels found mostly in early wood is called

diffuse porous

Wood with vessels found throughout is

heartwood

The center of the log that is always darker, drier, and more fragrant is called

sapwood

The outer wood

No

Does treachery elements of heartwood still functions in water transport?

tyloses

prevent spreading of the pathogen and also protect healthy parts of the plant by blocking the infected vessels (forms a plug)

Reaction wood

It is produced in response to lateral stress. It contains gelatinous fibers enriched with cellulose

upper side of the branch

Where does reaction wood develop in angiosperms

Tension wood

Reaction wood is also known as

Compression wood

Conifers form reaction wood enriched with lignin on the underside of the branch known as

axial system

responsible for conduction up and down the stem or root.

Sieve tube members and companion cells

In angiosperms, axial system contains ?

sieve cells

In gymnosperms, axial system contains?

fibers and nonconducting parenchyma

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, axial system contains?

albuminous cells

Parenchyma rays is composed of __— in gymnosperms

innermost layer

Layer of the phloem that is capable of conduction

Cork cambium (phellogen)

As circumferential stretching increases and older sieve elements die, some storage parenchyma cells undergo cell division and results in a new cambium within secondary phloem which is the

cork (phellem) cell

After each division, the inner cell remains cork cambium while the outer cell differentiates into a

Phelloderm

In a few species, the cork cambium may produce a cell or two to the inside that mature into a layer of parenchyma called

suberin

Cork cells become encrusted with ____ and die. This makes them waterproof and chemically inert

periderm

The layers of cork cells and the phelloderm (if any) are known as

Outer bark

All tissues outside the innermost cork cambium comprise the

inner bark

All secondary phloem between the vascular cambium and the innermost cork cambium is the

Impermeable

What is the permeability of cork

Rounded cork cells

Bark becomes permeable to oxygen when _____ are produced.

Lenticels

These regions of aerenchymatous cork are ___ and it allow gas exchange.

Pericycle

The first cork cambium usually arises in the _______.

Ipomoea batatas

Scientific name of sweet potatoes

Asexual reproduction

Offspring with identical copies of the parent genes

Sexual reproduction

Offspring genetically different from the parents

asexual

In stable environments, ________ reproduction may be more selectively advantageous

sexual

In less stable environments, asexual reproduction can produce progeny that are more fit.

Sexually

How do seeds are produced?

Fragmentation

One of the most common methods of asexual reproduction

Adventitious roots

Individual parts become self-sufficient by _____ roots.

Sporophytes

are diploid and produce haploid spores by meiosis.

Gametophytes

are haploid and produce gametes by mitosis.

Syngamy

Gametes undergo syngamy to produce a diploid zygote that grows into a new sporophyte.

Microgametophytes

Oogamous plants’ microspores develop into __________ via mitosis that produce sperm. Located within the original pollen cell wall

Megagametophytes

Eggs produce _______ that develop from megaspores.

Sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

Four floral appendages

Sepals

The outermost floral apendage

calyx

Sepals together are referred to as the _____

Petals

are located above the sepals on the receptacle

Corolla

Collective petals are called

perianth

Collective term for petals and sepals are

stamens

Occur above the petals

Androecium

Collective term for stamen is

meiosis

Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo _____ to produce four microspores.

Gynoecium

Collective term for carpels are the

stigma

Catches pollen grains

Style

Elevates the stigma

Ovary

Is where the megaspores are produced

Placentae, ovules

Within the ovary are _____, bearing small structures called _____.

nucellus, megaspores

The ovule has a central mass of parenchyma called a ____.
There, the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four ______ which 3 degenerate

Large vegetative cell and small generative cell

The microspore nucleus divides into

Small generative cell

This cell divides to two sperm cells

Megaspore nucleus, embryo sac

A megagametophyte is produced through division of the ___________. It divides to form eight cells, the ______.

Plasmogamy

fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes

Karyogamy

fusion of the nuclei

Suspensor

The zygote grows and forms a short stalk-like __________.

Radicle

(embryonic root)

Epicotyl

(embryonic stem)

Hypocotyl

(root/shoot junction)