U3AOS1 land cover change

land cover is _______________ ___________ ___________ on the Earth's surface

observed biophysical cover

________ __________ is observed biophysical cover on the Earth's surface

land cover

___________ ______________ _________ include water, vegetation, ice

natural biophysical features

natural biophysical features include ________,_____________,_______

water, vegetation, ice

human biophysical features include a_________________, u________, i______________ ____________

agricultural, urban, industrial landscapes

____________ __________________ ____________ include agricultural, urban, industrial landscapes

human biophysical features

_______________ and ___________ is original vegetation that has been removed and replaced with another

cultivated and managed

cultivated and managed is ____________ ____________ _____ ____ __________ and replaced with another

original vegetation that has been removed

______________ ___________/________________ __________ has aquatic crops that are purposely planted, cultivated and harvested by humans

Cultivated aquatic/regularly flooded

Cultivated aquatic/regularly flooded has aquatic crops that are ________________ p_________, c_________, h____________ by humans

purposely planted, cultivated and harvested

___________/______-__________ __________ is vegetation that is not planted by humans but is influenced by humans

natural/semi-natural aquatic

natural/semi-natural aquatic is vegetation that is not planted by humans but is ______________ ___ _________ ____________

influenced by human activities

_______________ ___________ are previous natural cover replaced by a variety of constructed surfaces

artificial surfaces

artificial surfaces are previous natural cover ______________ ____ ___ ___________ of _______________ _________

replaced by a variety of constructed surfaces

bare areas have _________ _______ __% ______________ _________

less than 4% vegetation cover

_______ _______ have less than 4% vegetation cover

bare areas

_______________ ___________ __________, s_______ and i____ are areas that are covered by water by humans (reservoirs, canals)

artificial water bodies, snow and ice

artificial water bodies, snow and ice are areas that are _______________ _____ __________ by _________ (reservoirs, canals)

covered by water by humans

_____________ __________ _________,s_____, i______ are naturally covered by water

natural water bodies snow and ice

natural water bodies snow and ice are ______________ ___________ ____ ______

naturally covered by water

land cover distribution ____________ ______ _____

18,000 years ago

____________ ________ ______________ 18000 years ago

land cover distribution

land cover distribution _________

today

______ _________ ________________ today

land cover distribution

[NC]glaciers are bodies of ice formed by _________, ___ _________ and c____________ ____ _________

land, in motion and confined by terrain

[NC]_________ ____ __________ ____ _____ formed by land, in motion and confined by terrain

glaciers are bodies of ice

[NC]______ ________ are vast masses of ice that bury tracts of land

ice sheets

[NC]ice sheets are ________ _________ ___ _____ that bury tracts of land

vast masses of ice

[NC]__________ ______________ are created by processes called erosion and deposition

glacial landscapes

[NC]glacial landscapes are created by processes called ________ _____ _____________

erosion and deposition

[NC]glacial erosion creates ____________, which is material transported by glaciers

moraine

[NC]glacial erosion creates moraine, which is ___________ ______________ ___ _________

material transported by glaciers

[NC]examples of erosional landforms include c________, h_____ and a________

cirques, horns and aretes

[NC]_____________ ____ _____________ __________ include cirques, horns and aretes

examples of erosional landforms

[NC]examples of depositional landforms include e_________, d__________. k______ and k________ ______

eskers, drumlins, kame and kettle holes

[NC] ______________ ___ ______________ ___________ include eskers, drumlins, kame and kettle holes

examples of depositional landforms

[NC] _________ ________ and _________ inhabit northern hemisphere

polar bears and reindeer

[NC] polar bears and reindeer inhabit ___________ _____________

northern hemisphere

[NC] penguins and seals are the main species of ____________

antartica

[NC] ____________ and _______ are the main species of antartica

penguins and seals

[NC] the most common species of plants is a_________, l________ and f_________

algae, lichens and fungi

[NC] the ________ ____________ __________ of ________ is algae, lichens and fungi

most common species of plants

[NC]__________ _________ __________ means ecosystems have short growing systems, slow metabolism and can't recover rapidly from disturbance

limited social radiation

[NC]limited social radiation means ecosystems have s_______ _____________ __________, s_________ _____________, c______ __________ ________ from disturbance

short growing systems, slow metabolism and can't recover rapidly

inhabitants rely on meltwater for a_____________, f_________ and f__________

agriculture, fishing and forestry

inhabitants ______ ___ __________ for agriculture, fishing and forestry

rely on meltwater

many communities are _____________ ____ ____________ and ____ ________for fresh water, food, soil replenishment and climate regulation

reliant on glaciers and ice sheets

many communities are reliant on glaciers and ice sheets for f_______ _______, f______, s______ ______________ and c________ _________

fresh water, food, soil replenishment and climate regulation

3 types of forests are __________, _______________, _________

primary, secondary and planted

___ __________ ____ ________ are primary, secondary and planted

3 types of forest

___________ _________ are dominated by natural processes (34% of all forests)

primary forests

primary forests are ______________ ____ ________ __________ (34% of all forests)

dominated by natural processes

______________ __________ consist of native species but have been recently disturbed by human activity

secondary forests

secondary forests consist of native species but have been ____________ __________ ___ _________ __________

recently disturbed by human activity

plantations are _________ ________ ____ _____ ___________/____ -_______ trees, for either commercial or environmental purposes

large areas of one native/non-native

__________ _____, forest distribution was much less extensive and located closer to the equator

during LGM

during LGM, forest distribution was _______ ____ ___________

was much less extensive

___________ ______, forests covered 47% of land cover, current distribution stabilised during this time

during HCO

during HCO, forests cover 47% of land cover, ___________ _____________ ___________ during this time

current distribution stabilised

___________ _______ _______ is heavily influenced by human activities and increased greenhouse gases

forest land cover today

forest land cover is heavily influenced by _________ ____________ and ____________ ______________ ______

human activities and increased greenhouse gases

the spatial distribution of glaciers/ice sheets have fluctuated, and _____ ______ __________ ___ ___________

was not always in recession

the _________ ___________ of glaciers/ice sheets have fluctuated, and was not always in recession

spatial distribution

current distribution of glaciers/ice sheets is that they are on _________ ______________ ________ _____________

every continent except Australia

____________ ______________ of glaciers/ice sheets is that they are on every continent except Australia

current distribution

[Greenland] located in North America, between ______________ and _________ __________

Atlantic and Artic Oceans

[Greenland] ___________ ___ North America, between Atlantic and Artic oceans

located in

[Greenland] ________ ___ _____ ______ ______ ________ include surface melting, moulin lakes, sea ice shelves melting

reasons for land cover change naturally

[Greenland] reasons for land cover change naturally include s_______ m_______, m________ l_______, s_____ i____ _______ ________

surface melting, moulin lakes, sea ice shelves melting

[Greenland] ________ for _____ _____ _______ by ______ is policies

reasons for land cover change by humans

[Greenland] reasons for land cover change by humans is __________

policies

[Greenland] ___________ ________ ____ _____ _________ include declining ice cover, exposing of mineral resources

current changes in land cover

[Greenland] current changes in land cover include d____________ _____ _______, e______________ ___ _________ __________

declining ice cover, exposing of mineral resources

[Greenland] ____________ _______ __ ______ _______ is increase of locally grown produce and farms

environmental impacts on local scale

[Greenland] environmental impacts on local scale is i_________ __ _______ _____ p_______ and f______

increase of locally grown produce and farms

[Greenland] ___________ _______ ___ ______ ______ is hydroelectric plants providing jobs

economic impacts on local scale

[Greenland] economic impacts on local scale is h___________ ______ _________ ______

hydroelectric plants providing jobs

[Greenland] ______ ______ ___ ______ _____ is loss of traditional way of life

social impacts on local scale

[Greenland] social impacts on local scale is l_____ ___ ____________ ____ ___ _____

loss of traditional way of life

_____________ ____________ includes remote sensing, GIS, optical sensors

geospatial technologies

geospatial technologies includes ____________ __________, _____, __________ _________

remote sensing, GIS, optical sensors

_____________/____________ ___________ to melting glaciers/ice sheets includes emission trading, disaster management and reafforestation schemes

national/regional responses

national/regional responses to melting glaciers/ice sheets includes e___________ __________, d______________ _____________, r________________ __________

emission trading, disaster management and reafforestation schemes

global responses to melting glaciers/ice sheets includes c___________ ________ ________, i________________ ____________

climate action groups, international collaborations

________ __________ to melting glaciers/ice sheets includes climate action groups, international collaborations

global responses

[Cameroon] located in ______________ and ____________

Cameroon and Nigeria

[Cameroon] __________ ___ Cameroon and Nigeria

located in

[Cameroon] ________ ________ according to FAO is about 48% of the country

forest cover

[Cameroon]forest cover according to FAO is _________ _____ of the country

about 48%

[Cameroon] LCC economic causes is the___________ ________ ___________ contributing 30% of national economy and ___________ _________

formal timber industry, endemic corruption

[Cameroon] _______ ______________ _________ is the formal timber industry contributing 30% of national economy and endemic corruption

LCC economic causes

[Cameroon] LCC economic causes ____________ ___ ____ ________ _________ _______ in Cameroon, ______________ ____ ________ __________ by poor forest dwellers

fuelwood is the main energy source, collection of forest products

[Cameroon] _____ _________ _______ include fuelwood is the main energy source in Cameroon, collection of forest products by poor forest dwellers

LCC social causes

[Cameroon] ______ _______________ __________ is lack of technological expertise, trans-Cameroonian Railway

LCC technological causes

[Cameroon] LCC impacts environmentally local to global weather patterns and accelerates climate change

LCC impacts environmentally

[Cameroon] LCC technological causes is l______ ___ ________________ ____________, _______-_________________ ___________

lack of technological expertise, trans-Cameroonian Railway

[Cameroon] ________ _____________ ________ is government policies encouraging cash cropping, forestry sector corruption

LCC political causes

[Cameroon] LCC political causes is government policies encouraging _______ ___________, ___________ _________ ___________

cash cropping, forestry sector corruption

[Cameroon] _____ ______________ ________ include loss of 30% of original forest, - decrease in the Cross River Gorilla (only 300 left in the wild)

LCC environmental impacts

[Cameroon] LCC environmental impacts include ______ __ ______ of original forest, ________________ ____ ______ ________ __________

loss of 30%, endangerment of cross river gorilla