AP Human Geo Unit 2

What is the 4 major region where people live?

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe

physical vs. human factors

Physical: climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water, natural resources

Human: economic, political, historical, cultural aspects

population distribution

spread of people in an area (clustered/dispersed)

population density

amount of people in an area

arithmetic density

total population/total amount of land

• doesn’t show distribution

• counts agricultural & uninhabitable land

desertification

process which arable land loses fertility and becomes a desert

• could lead to countries importing food

physiological density

total population/total amount of arable land

• shows pressure of population on land to feed them

• arable land: land that can produce foods

agricultural density

amount of farmers/total amount of land

• shows level of efficiency of agricultural production in an area

• high number→ more manual labor to cultivate

• low number→ more mechanization

urban sprawl

unrestricted growth and expansion of urban/suburban area into the surrounding countryside

carrying capacity

the amount of people that can be supported by the environment without damaging it

sex ratio

(male births in society/female births in society) x100

• >100= more male

• < 100=more female

dependency ratio

{(0-14 years old)+(65+ years old)/(Working age population)} x100

• working age: 15-64 years old

child dependency ratio

(0-14 years old)/(working age population) x100

elderly dependency ratio

(65+ years old)/(working age population) x100

crude birth rate

total # of live births in a year for every 1000 people

crude death rate

total # of deaths in a year for every 1000 people

natural increase rate

% which a population grows in a year

• crude birth rate - crude death rate

• not counting migration

doubling time

amount of time it takes for a population to double in size

total fertility rate

average # of children a women will have

• ≥2.1 =population growth

• <2.1 =population decline

infant mortality rate

total # of deaths under one year of age

access in health care & education lead to…

• increase in life expectancy

• decrease in total fertility rate

• decrease in infant mortality rate

• decrease in natural increase rate

women having less education & opportunities leads to…

• higher total fertility rate

• higher natural increase rate

sectors of economy

• primary: jobs that extract natural resources

• secondary: jobs that manufacture products out of natural resources

• tertiary: jobs that provide service for others

if more economically developed…

• more jobs in tertiary sector

• less total fertility rate, as children are less viewed as economic assets(for agriculture etc)

subsistence agriculture

production is for farmer’s family or local community

demographic transition model: stage 1

• high crude birth rate, death rate

→ low natural increase rate

• majority of population does subsistence agriculture

• women have limited oportunities

• migration is seasonal, in search of food

• high mortality rates, with low medical knowledge

• no countries are stage 1!

demographic transition model: stage 2

• Industrial Revolution

• high crude birth rate, decreasing crude death rate

→ increase in natural increase rate

• more medical knowledge

• some economic opportunities for women, but still caregivers

• migration from rural→ urban area

• subsistence→ commercial agriculture

• emigration

• e.g. Afghanistan

emigration

individual leaves country/political territory

demographic transition model: stage 3

• decreasing crude birth rate, still decreasing crude death rate

• natural increase rate more moderate

• improved medical tech. → smaller families

• migration urban economic centers

• rise in secondary sector

• growth in tertiary sector

• more women involvement

• e.g. Mexico

demographic transition model: stage 4

• low CBR & CDR

→low natural increase rate

• may experience ZPG

• women play active role

• counter urbanisation in suburbs

• immigration from less economically developed countries

• e.g. USA, China

zero population growth (ZPG)

CBR-CDR=0

demographic transition model: stage 5

• low CBR, CDR

→ negative NIR (CBR<CDR)

• decline in population

• e.g. Japan, Germany

epidemiological transition model (etm)

focuses on causes of death in each stage of demographic transition

epidemiological transition model: stage 1

epidemics, famine, death

• bubonic plague

• parasitic, infectious diseases

• animal attacks

• food shortages

• contaminated water sources

epidemiological transition model: stage 2

fewer deaths, reducing pandemics

• improved standard of living

• increased food production

• more nutritious food

• improved sanitation

epidemiological transition model: stage 3

degenerative diseases

• medical conditions caused by human behavior & age

• e.g. heart disease from eating unhealthy foods

• e.g. cancer

epidemiological transition model: stage 4

fighting degenerative diseases

• medical advances delay degenerative diseases

• longer life expectancies

• improved diets, lifestyles

• new health issue: obesity, diabetes etc

epidemiological transition model: stage 5

resurgence of infectious disease

• evolution of diseases form mutation/medicine

• increased poverty

• increased urbanization (more people in compact areas→ disease spread)

• globalization(=more travel!)

Malthusian theory

• during Industrial Revolution in England (stage 2)

• Malthusian catastrophe: growing population surpassing carrying capacity

→ intervention necessarily to control population growth!

• anti-natalist policy

• was proven wrong, as population growth slowed down & production increased with efficiency

anti-natalist policy

policies that are created to help decrease birth rate

• e.g. China’s one child policy

Neo malthusian

believes world’s finite natural resources would deplete as population grow

pro-natalist policy

policies that are created to help increase birth rate

two types of government population policy

pro-natalist & anti-natalist policy

• also immigration policy

maternal mortality rate

# of maternal deaths per 100,000 lives births

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

states:

• economic reasons: young adults migrate for eco. reasons

• travel: migrants often travel short distances and step migration

• urbanization: migrants likely move from rural to urban area

• flow: when migration happens, counter-stream is created

• population growth: large urban centers experience population growth through migration than natural births

• development: migration brings ideas, goods, foods, businesses

• gender: young women tend to migrated internally in a country, young males migrate internationally

→ traditionally, men had access in wealth & viewed as provider

→ recently, more women enter the workforce

step migration

process of migrating in stages in a series of smaller, incremental steps

pull vs. push factors

positive vs. negative causes for migration

• economic, political, social, enviornmental

intervening obstacles

negative events that hinder migration

• like shortage of money, denied entry

intervening opportunities

positive events that hinder migration

• like job opportunities

forced migration

when migrants have no choice but migrate

• e.g. human trafficking, forced child labour, war

refugee

individual forced to cross international borders

Internally displaced person (IDP)

individual forced to flee from home intranationally

transnational migration

migrants emigrate but remains ties to their home country

• settles in area with similar cultural/demographical characteristics

chain migration

a process where a legal immigrant that became citizen sponsor a family member to immigrate to the country

guest worker

migrant who temporarily migrate to a new country for work/education

remittance

money an immigrant send back to their family residing in their home country

transhumance migration

migration that is cyclical & revolves around seasonal movement of livestock

rural to urban migration

migrating to urban areas

inter vs. intraregional migration

interregional migration: permanent move to another region in the country

intraregional migration: permanent move within the region

brain drain

when skilled labour leaves to another area that offers more opportunities

culture diversity brought by migration

acculturation: culture adopts different culture trait of another

assimilation: minority culture adopts a dominant culture, losing its original culture

syncretism: two or more cultures merging but remaining distinct