CH.1 INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy

* “to cut apart”
* study of Bodily **Structure**

Anatomy includes:

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* Systemic or Regional
* Gross or Microscopic
* Developmental
* Imaging

Regional anatomy 

focuses on specific external and internal regions of the body (such as the head or chest) and how different systems work together in that region

Systemic anatomy

focuses on the anatomy of different organ systems, such as the respiratory or nervous system

Gross anatomy

 the study of those body structures large enough to be examined without the help of magnifying devices

Microscopic anatomy

is concerned with the study of structural units small enough to be seen only with a light microscope

Developmental

the branch of anatomy which starts with the study of the structural changes right from the fertilization to the maturity stage

Imaging

allows medical personnel to look inside the body with amazing accuracy and without the trauma and risk of exploratory surgery.

Physiology

* “study of nature”
* Study of Bodily **Function**

Physiology Includes:

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* Cell Physiology
* Pathophysiology
* Immunology
* Exercise Physiology

Cell Physiology

A program that focuses on the scientific study of physiological processes operating within and among cells, and intracellular communication and behavior, in the context of larger systems and whole organisms

Pathophysiology

the study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.

Immunology

your body's ability to recognize germs to prevent them from causing illness

Exercise Physiology

a specialization within the field of kinesiology

Levels of Structural organization

1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organismal

Chemical Level

consists of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules

* atoms
* molecules

what is the simplest level of the body?

it is the chemical level

Cellular Level

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body b/c of the processes of life occurs within cells

* organelles → mini organ
* cells

A cell is the _____________

lowest level of organization that is alive.

Tissue Level

consists of an aggregation of similar cells that perform similar function

* groups of similar cell
* epithelial
* connective
* muscle
* nerve tissues

Organ Level

is composed of two or more tissues that work together, enabling the organ to perform its specific functions

* 2/more tissue types
* specific functions
* recognizable shape

Body Cavities

are spaces within the body that contain organs, collectively referred to as **internal organs**

MEMORIZE AND EXPLAIN SYSTEMS

* know the from 1→6
* give examples
* SAY IT OR WRITE IT

Organ System Level

the organs are arranged in functional groups so that their independent functions are coordinated to perform specific

* groups of related organs
* work together toward common function
* 11 organ systems

The pancreas belongs to what systems?

digestive and endocrine

What are the 11 organ systems?

* integumentary
* skeletal
* muscular
* respiratory
* cardiovascular
* lymphoid
* urinary
* endocrine
* nervous
* digestive
* male reproductive system
* female reproductive system

Organismal

the human organism as a whole that is composed of all of the interacting organ systems

* highest level
* all parts of organism

What is the highest organizational level dealing with an individual is the

organismal level

WHAT ARE THEY?!

* LOOK AT THE BODY
* SAY WHAT THEY OR WRITE

Integumentary

external body covering; protection & sensation

* regulate temp

Skeletal

internal organ support; protection

* stores minerals
* site of blood cell production

**Muscula**r

movement

* produces heat

Lymphatic

Returns fluid leaked from blood; immune defense

* collects and cleanses institutional fluid

Respiratory

exchanges gases (O2 & CO2) with environment

* pH regulation
* sound production

What does the Integumentary have:

* skin
* hair
* nails
* associated glands

What does the Respiratory have:

* nose
* pharynx
* larynx
* trachea
* bronchi
* lungs

What does the Skeletal have:

* bones
* ligaments
* associated cartilages

What does the **Muscula**r have:

* skeletal muscles
* tendons

What does the Lymphatic have:

* lymph
* lymphatic vessels
* lymphoid organs
* tissues

Digestive

Breakdown & absorption of food; elimination of indigestable food

Nervous

fast-acting control system

* enables learning and memory

Endocrine

hormonal control; secreted by glands

Cardiovascular

Transports heat and materials from via circulating blood

What does the Digestive have:

* mouth
* pharynx
* esophagus
* stomach
* intestines
* liver
* pancreas
* gallbladder

What does the Nervous have:

* brain
* spinal cords
* sensory receptors

What does the Endocrine have:

* hormone-producing glands
* pituitary and thyroid glands

What does the Cardiovascular have:

* blood
* heart
* arteries
* veins
* capillaries

Urinary

Removes most metabolic wastes from the blood as urine

* regulates volume

Reproductive

produces offspring

* male: produces sperm and transmits them into the female vagina during sex
* female: produces oocytes, receives sperm, provides intrauterine development of offspring, and enables birth an infant

What does the Urinary have:

* kidneys
* ureters
* urinary bladder
* urethra

What does the Reproductive have:

male:

* testes
* epididymides
* vasa deferentia
* prostate
* bulbo-urethral
* seminal vesicles
* penis

female:

* ovaries
* uternine tubes
* uterus
* vagina
* vulva

Homeostasis def

Maintaining a *relatively* stable internal environment, regardless of external conditions

Dynamic Equilibrium

* Allows changes within narrow limits
* Regulated by feedback mechanisms

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms has 3 components:

* Receptor
* Control Center
* Effector

Receptor

detects changes

Control Center

determines set point (normal); sends commands to effector for appropriate response to deviations

Effector

responds to change (usually *reverses* the change)

Negative Feedback System

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* Reverses Change
* common
* Results in Fluctuations about Set Point
* e.g. control of temperature

Positive Feedback System

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* Not common
* *Increases change before returns to set point*
* May cause unstable conditions or be harmful (induced by pathogens)
* Usually short-lived
* e.g. normal: lactation, blood clot formation

Directional Terms

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* Explain *Relative* Location of Body Parts
* Based on anatomical position
* Many Paired Opposites

Anatomical Position

* Erect Stance, Palms Forward

Anterior/Ventral

toward the front

Posterior/Dorsal

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toward the back

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Medial

closer to midline

Lateral

farther from midline

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment

Distal

farther from the point of attachment

Superficial

closer to the surface

Deep

farther from the surface

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Regional Terms

* Refer to Specific Body Parts, Regions


* Divided into Anterior & Posterior Landmarks

Cephalic

head

Cervical

neck

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Inguinal

groin

Gluteal

buttock

Femoral

thigh

Body Planes & Sections

imaginary flat surfaces

Frontal or Coronal

Vertical; Divides into Anterior & Posterior

Transverse

Horizontal; Divides into Superior & Inferior

Sagittal (Para- & Mid-)

Vertical; Divides into Right & Left

Oblique

Diagonal; Between Vertical & Horizontal

MEMORIZE THE MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY

* WRITE OR SAY THE MOVEMENTS
* DO THEM

Body cavities do what?

Protect & Allow for Growth/Change

Dorsal & Ventral form during

embryological development

Dorsal has:

• Cranial

• Spinal Chord

Cranial:

brain

Ventral has:

* Thoracic
* Abdominopelvic

Pleural

Lungs

Mediastinal

Between Lungs

* Trachea
* esophagus
* thymus

Pericardial

heart'; division of mediastinal

Abdominopelvic

* Abdominal (Peritoneal)


* Pelvic

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

* Right Upper
* Left Upper
* Right Lower
* Left Lower

Abdominopelvic Regions

* MEMORIZE REGIONS
* READ AND WRITE

Hypochondriac

* spleen
* parts of diaphragm
* liver
* kidneys
* pancreas

Epigastric

* Most of pancreas & parts of stomach
* liver
* duodenum
* IVC
* abdominal aorta

Lumbar/Lateral

colon

Umbilical

small intestine