S-ITCS326 - MODULE 2 part 1

1. The first programmable computer

2. Transistor

World War 2 and ITs aftermath

Major technological breakthrough in electronics took place:

1.

2.

transistor

Dec 16, 1947

Bell Lab John Bardeen and Walter Brattain create the first ______, the point-contact ______

(one word only)

1. Micro-electronics

2. Computers

3. Telecommunication

1970's

New information technologies became widely diffused

3 main technological fields:

1.

2.

3.

Transistor

1970's

______ made the fast processing of electric impulses in a binary mode possible

logic and communication

1970's

Transistors enabled the coding of _____ _______ ___________ between machines

Semiconductor processing devices

1970's

______________ ___________ ____________ - integrated (IC's) and chips - are now made of millions of transistors

Giant Leap

Occurred in 1971 when Intel introduced the 4-bit 4004 microprocessor, that is the computer on a chip, and information-processing power could thus be installed everywhere

Moore's Law

- Named after Gordon Moore

- The observation that the number of

transistors in an integrated circuit

doubles approximately every two years.

Gordon Moore

Moore's Law is named after?

Moore's Law

- Doubling of computer processing power every 18-24 months.

- Greater miniaturization, further

specialization, and the decreasing price of increasingly powerful chips made it possible to place them in every machine, from dishwashers and microwave ovens to automobiles.

Microcomputers

Mid 1980's - 1990's

___ were linked up in

networks with increasing mobility along with the capacity to add memory and processing capacity.

1990's

Mid 1980's - 1990's

_______ - from centralized data storage

and processing in mainframes to

networked, interactive computer power-sharing and desktop computers.

- Affecting not only the whole

technological system but its social and organizational interactions as well.

1.) Storage capacity

2.) Big Data

2010's

Fill the blanks

- _______ was so cheap

and computing power increased

enough

- The time of _____ commenced

- massive amounts of data are

analyzed algorithmically to find

patterns

- E.g. the measurements to

compute the black hole image,

brain scan image analyses, and

online user behavior

Big Data

- No single definition

- Associated with 5 V's

(Enumeration)

1. Volume

2. Velocity

3. Variety

4. Veracity

5. Value

The 5 V's

(Identification)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

5 V's

_____ - the huge amount of data

_____ - the speed at which they are generated

_____ - the different types of formats

_____ - the trustworthiness of that data

_____ - the money one can make with it

Networking Capability

- Became possible because of major developments in telecommunication and computer networking technologies.

- Made possible by new microelectronic devices and stepped-up computing capacity.

1. "node" technologies

2. new linkages

- Telecommunication have been revolutionized further by the combination of

- _____

- _____

"node" technologies

electronic switches and routers

new linkages

transmission technologies

opto-electronics

fiber optics and laser transmission

Digital packet transmission technology

broadened the capacity of transmission lines

Opto-electronics-based transmission capacity

___ ___ ___ ___, together with advanced switching and routing architectures, such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Interconnection Protocol) are the foundation of the Internet.

1. advanced switching

2. routing architectures

Opto-electronics-based transmission capacity, together with ____ and _____, such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Interconnection Protocol) are the foundation of the Internet.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Interconnection Protocol)

Opto-electronics-based transmission capacity, together with ____ and _____, such as _____ ( _____ ) are the foundation of the Internet.

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)

1960's

- A call to investigate how computers could be 'connected' to each other to create an environment to enhance computer research.

- The US DoD (Department of Defense) through ____ ( ___ ___ ___ ___ ) created the first large computer network in 1969.

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

- Which connected numerous universities to each other.

- Employing the internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) from 1983.

Smartphone

Could be seen as a "camera with which you can also call"

Internet

The convergence of all aforementioned electronic technologies into the field of interactive communication led to the creation of the current version of the _____.

Time will tell if its the most revolutionary technological medium of the Information Age.

World Wide Web

- About the same time as the social power and expansion of the internet.

- Invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989

- Superseded the other forms of internet communication (ftp, Usenet, and gopher) charging licensing fees for the original sever implementation.

Tim Berners-Lee

-He invented the WWW (World Wide Web) in 1989

-He also decided that the technology should not be proprietary and was instrumental in its spread after its release in 1991.

Data Management

- One of the success stories other than the Web

relational databases

First main step in the early 1970's - ______ ______

- To query data being stored, such as employee data or library records.

data warehouse

Early 1990's saw the rise of data mining: put all the data in the so-called _____ _____ - a time-aware database that is slightly differently structured than a relational database - and test hypothesis on that data using association rules and statistics.

data mining

Early 1990's saw the rise of ___ ___: put all the data in the so-called data warehouse - a time-aware database that is slightly differently structured than a relational database - and test hypothesis on that data using association rules and statistics.

- e.g. supermarket data

Machine Learning Algorithms

- Combining data management with more statistical techniques and algorithms on much more data

- Data could be collected in different places, different formats, generated fast and a lot.

- E.g. News24 Website - tracking is done for each visitor each time. It is online user-generated data.

Machine Learning

- focuses on algorithms to achieve good predictions based on large amount of training data.

Manuel Castells

2.2 A Time of Transition in Communication and Network Usage

___ ___ claim that a new form of society has arisen through a number of major concurrent social, technological, economic, and cultural transformations.

- Citizen Journalism

- disinformation - 'fake news', propaganda

Filter Bubble

Refers to what you see in the search results of a search engine (or feeds in social media) is determined by your prior interaction, rather than a non-personalized page (or item) rank that is not influenced by the user's prior behaviour.

Echo Chamber

Is defined as a situation in which people only hear opinions of one type, or opinions that are similar to their own.

Globalization

- Is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

Globalization

- This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.

Localization

- is NOT the opposite of 'Globalization': it is used in the context of localization of software, concerning, the process of translation of terms and pop-up boxes of an application's interface into the language spoken where that software is used, and adapting other features, such as spelling and grammar checking for one's language and autocomplete for words in one's language.

- One can also localize computer hardware, such as keyboards, adapters, and plugs.

- regulatory changes & privatization in the 1990s;

- open source software & open protocols;

- greater bandwidth in telecommunications and switching capacity;

- diffusion of personal computers and local networks;

- user-friendly software programs that made it easy to upload, access, and communicate content: beginning with the World Wide Web server and browser designed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1990;

Several factors why the Internet is only diffused in 1990's

Tim Berners-Lee

user-friendly software programs that made it easy to upload, access, and communicate content: beginning with the World Wide Web server and browser designed by __ __ __ at CERN in 1990;

4.3 billion

- Rapidly growing social demand for the networking of everything, arising from both the needs of the business world and the public's desire to build its own communication networks.

- The number of Internet users on the planet grew from under 40 million in 1995 to about 1.5 billion in 2009 and is estimated at __ ____ in March 2019.

Democratic governments

- throughout the world have been using ICTs for improving their services.

Governments

- make use of ICT for communication.

1. access to information

2. transaction services

3. citizen participation

There are three basic areas where ICT is used:

1990s

(Year)

____ - an explosion of increasing capacity of connectivity and bandwidth in successive generations of mobile phones.

1991

(Year)

• 16 million wireless phone subscriptions in the world.

Digital Convergence

- refers to the fact that there is no need for separate communications channels for different media (such as voice, video, text, etc.) because they are all digitized and can share the same connections and platforms.

Internet of Things

- the ability to have devices such fridges, stoves, and traditional machines such as computers to be able to share data.

- Smart houses

July 2008

(Month and Year)

- subscriptions surpassed 3.4 billion and is currently estimated at around 4.5-5 billion mobile phone subscriptions.

wireless communication

the most predominant form of communication everywhere, especially in developing countries.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

Industry 4.0

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

- Is said to be driven by a set of technologies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT).

- A combination that is expected to make 'intelligent' cyber-physical systems that can configure themselves based on the input it receives, adjust its configuration accordingly and finally, optimize its operations autonomously.

Artificial Intelligence

- is a branch in computer science and IT that concerns the theory and development of computer systems that can carry out tasks that normally requires human intelligence, i.e., it aims to simulate 'intelligent' behaviour in computers.

- This include subfields that focus on techniques for automated learning and reasoning using logic, statistics, and language.

Internet of Things

extends the commonly known Internet infrastructure with connectivity of devices that are not regarded as computers but do have embedded electronics so that they can be interacted with remotely, such as sensors, fridges, and other smart home appliances like a security system.

Precision Agriculture

- To automate farming

- sensors collect data about the environment, such as the temperature, humidity, and any pest infestation, and make decisions based on that to manage the plants (e.g., to spray pesticides and to increase or decrease irrigation)

Smart Cities

- better traffic monitoring and pollution control

- the adjustment of the timing that a traffic light is on green based on the amount of traffic at, or nearing, each particular crossroad

Robots

- speak to the imagination and fear that humans have

- idea of trying to constrain their use can be traced back best to Asimov's laws of robotics

Three laws of robotics

Formulated by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov, in an attempt to control humanoid robots in his science fiction novels.

Isaac Asimov

Three laws of robotics was formulated by science fiction writer ___ ___

Digital Divide

- refers to the disparities in the penetration of the Information Society in terms of access and use of Information and Communications Technologies. It is the gap between those who have access to the Information Society and those who are deprived of such access.

- It mirrors and exacerbates existing disparities in society:

• gaps in education (for example, illiteracy)

• disability

• location (rural-urban)

• gender

• race

• income level

1. gaps in education (for example, illiteracy)

2. disability

3. location (rural-urban)

4. gender

5. race

6. income level

Digital Divide: Existing disparities in society:

Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICT4D, ICTD)

- The field that is most directly concerned with addressing issues such as the digital divide is called __ __ __ __

- draws theories, techniques, methods, and tools for several disciplines, including computer science, information systems, information technology, social science, and economics, and any task-specific domain experts relevant to a project (e.g., water engineers, film & media professionals).

OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)

- is an international economic organization of 34 countries

- founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade

OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)

It is a forum of countries describing themselves as committed to:

1. democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences

2. seeking answers to common problems,

3. identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

Huff and Cooper

Developer Biases, Assumptions and Values

- _______ and _______ studied the impact of a designer's views on educational software for children.

- Example case: Nikon Coolpix S630 digital camera

- Uber - a technology company that is struggling with sexism and harassment

Web 2.0

_____ describes World Wide Web sites that emphasize user-generated content, usability, and interoperability.

•It is not a technical update but rather refers to an emerging way in which the web is used.

Semantic Web (Web 3.0)

•The ____________ is an extension of the web standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and refers to W3C's vision of the Web of linked data and knowledge.

Semantic Web

______ technologies enable people to create data stores on the Web, build vocabularies, and write rules for handling data

Net Neutrality

- refers to the principle that all data packets sent over the Internet are treated equally.

- It is about all contents being equal on the physical network that constitutes the infrastructure of the internet

IPv6

•It happened to be the case that for the most recent version of one of the internet protocols, ______, one has the option to prioritize content.

•Put differently: preferentially allocating bandwidth to who pays more for it.

World of Warcraft (WOW)

largest on-line game community which accounts for just over half of the Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG) industry, reached over 10 million active members (over half of which reside in the Asian continent) in 2008.

ICT4Peace

aims to use ICTs for peace building efforts (that may well include ICT4D elements).

- the context of the United Nations definition of peace building toward the notion of positive peace as compared to only the absence of physical violence.

Peace Building

______ includes a "range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundation for sustainable peace and development."

Destructive ICTs

A strand of work in computer science and the deployment of ICTs that has the intention to do harm.

Information Warfare

- has to do with the 'battle' of information provision, propaganda, and so-called fake news.

Autonomous Weapons System

- colloquially also called killer robot, is a system (hardware + software) that makes decisions autonomously, i.e., without human intervention, for defence or offence purposes, causing physical harm.

Networks

_____ _____ have become the predominant organizational form of every domain of human activity.

Globalization

_____ _____has intensified and diversified.

Communication technologies

_____ _____ have constructed virtuality as a fundamental dimension of our reality.

Petroglyphs

Simple picture drawings, humans communicate using this

Cuneiform

Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 B.C. to 1450 A.D.)

- Oldest form of writing in the world, user around 3400 BC

- Distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets

Phoenician alphabet

Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 B.C. to 1450 A.D.)

pen-like

Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 B.C. to 1450 A.D.)

First writing material was simply a ___-___ object to create marking in wet clay

Clay tablets and scrolls

Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 B.C. to 1450 A.D.)

Safely storing information for a long period of time

Numbering systems and abacus

first calculator

Slide rule (1600s)

Mechanical Age (1450 to 1840)

Performs calculation

Pascaline (1642s)

Mechanical Age (1450 to 1840)

Add and subtract numbers

Leibniz's machine (1670s)

Mechanical Age (1450 to 1840)

Performs all four basic arithmetic operations

Difference engine (1820s)

Mechanical Age (1450 to 1840)

Early calculating machine, forerunner to the first company

electrical battery

Electromechanical Age (1840 to 1940)

Created and stored electricity

telegraph

Electromechanical Age (1840 to 1940)

was invented during the electromechanical age to communicate with others over great distances

Morse code

Electromechanical Age (1840 to 1940)

This was a system built to

communicate with others

by breaking down the

alphabet into dots and

dashes, transformed into

electrical impulses and

transmitted over a wire is called ________

F

T OR F

During the mechanical age, the rise of electromechanical computing components, data and program readers automatic typewriters and input/output and control readers happened.

vacuum tubes

The First Generation (1940 to 1956)

Computer systems used ____ _____

huge

The First Generation (1940 to 1956)

The machines were _____